Deck 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

Question 1

Which of the following phyla is most closely related to echinoderms?

A)Annelida
B)Arthropoda
C)Mollusca
D)Chordata

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is an invertebrate chordate?

A)sea urchins
B)sharks
C)snakes
D)lancelets

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms?

A)a water vascular system
B)bilateral symmetry
C)a deuterostome pattern of development
D)radial symmetry

Answer 3

A

Question 4

are soil- dwellers; _ are mostly marine; and are mostly freshwater.

A)Earthworms ...polychaetes ...leeches
B)Earthworms ...leeches ...annelids
C)Polychaetes ...earthworms ...leeches
D)Earthworms ...leeches ...polychaetes

Question 5

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true?

A)The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the mouth.
B)The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus.
C)Deuterostomes lack true tissues.
D)Deuterostomes have only two tissue layers.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about tunicates indicates that these animals are chordates?

A)Larvae and adults both have a true coelom.
B)Tunicates have tube feet and a water vascular system.
C)Larvae have a dorsal hollow nerve cord,a post- anal tail,pharyngeal slits,and a notochord.
D)Larvae show segmentation,radial symmetry,and a pseudocoelom.

Question 7

A bilaterally symmetrical,wormlike animal that has a pseudocoelom,a complete digestive tract,and a cuticle could be a member of which one of the following phyla?

A)Nematoda
B)Cnidaria
C)Chordata
D)Annelida

Question 8

According to the "new" revised phylogeny based on genetic analyses,annelids are a member of the Lophotrochozoa and are most closely related to which of the following groups?

A)arthropods
B)molluscs
C)echinoderms
D)cnidarians

Question 9

The flexible,longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the

A)notochord.
B)dorsal,hollow nerve cord.
C)spinal cord.
D)spine.

Question 10

Which of the following are not included among the Bilateria,a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry at some stage of development?

A)sea stars (Echinodermata)
B)earthworms (Annelida)
C)octopus (Mollusca)
D)sea anemones (Cnidaria)

Question 11

Animals probably evolved from

A)fungi.
B)plants.
C)bacteria.
D)protists.

Question 12

Which of the following groups has a series of similar segments that make up most of the body?

A)millipedes
B)insects
C)crustaceans
D)scorpions

Question 13

According to recent genetic research,the complexity of an organism

A)is directly correlated with the number of protein- coding genes in its genome.
B)has more to do with how genes are used than with which genes are present.
C)is inversely related to the number of protein- coding genes in its genome.
D)is not related to genes or development,so it must have another source.

Question 14

Which of the following animals displays radial symmetry?

A)a fish
B)a lobster
C)a worm
D)a sea anemone

Question 15

During the Cambrian explosion approximately 535 to 525 million years ago,

A)great forests produced peat layers that were later transformed into coal.
B)animals rapidly diversified in the oceans.
C)all modern species of animals suddenly appeared.
D)a massive volcanic eruption nearly wiped out life on Earth.

Question 16

A typical sponge is best described as

A)a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues or body symmetry.
B)a slow- moving suspension feeder with a true coelom.
C)a sessile suspension feeder with bilateral symmetry.
D)a slow- moving carnivore with no true tissues or symmetry.

Question 17

Which of the following groups includes both spiders and horseshoe crabs?

A)insects
B)chelicerates
C)millipedes
D)crustaceans

Question 18

Organisms with true radial symmetry

A)have their sense organs,mouth,and brain clustered in the head.
B)can be divided into two matching halves along only one plane.
C)tend to be highly mobile.
D)do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters.

Question 19

Complete metamorphosis is considered to occur in a species

A)if the larva and adult have different diets.
B)if a pupation stage separates the larval and adult stages.
C)if the larva and adult live in different habitats.
D)if the adult has wings,but the larva does not.

Question 20

Which part of this figure shows the tube feet of this starfish?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 21

The digestive tract of a nematode is most like which of the following?

A)a cup
B)a soda straw
C)a sock
D)a baseball

Question 22

Most of the animals alive today

A)are vertebrates.
B)are invertebrates.
C)are really colonies of protist cells.
D)are choanoflagellates.

Question 23

A dog's head is at its _ end and its belly is its _ surface.

A)anterior ...dorsal
B)posterior ...ventral
C)posterior ...dorsal
D)anterior ...ventral

Question 24

Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus- coated gills to trap fine food particles?

A)bivalves
B)chitons
C)cephalopods
D)gastropods

Question 25

The traits that are unique to insects and have probably contributed to their diversity and success include

A)the presence of four or more pairs of legs,an exoskeleton,and a water- resistant cuticle.
B)the exoskeleton,an open circulatory system,and jointed appendages.
C)small body size,an exoskeleton,and sexual reproduction.
D)flight,short generation times,and complex life cycles including complete metamorphosis.

Question 26

The insect body plan includes many groups of serially repeated units.For example,there are typically three pairs of legs,one on each of the three segments of the thorax.Which option best describes how these pairs of legs develop and evolve?

A)The body parts develop in a modular fashion.Therefore,a genetic change could alter the development of one pair of limbs without noticeably changing the rest of the insect's body plan.
B)A single gene controls the development of all six legs.Thus within a species,all three pairs of legs are identical.
C)The leg pairs all influence each other during development.Gene products move by diffusion from one segment to the other.Therefore,it is impossible to alter the development and form of one pair of legs without causing similar changes in the other two pairs of legs.
D)The leg pairs grow under the control of an ancient set of highly conserved genes.Therefore,all insects have more or less identical legs.Other parts of the insect body plan can evolve somewhat more freely.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of a typical animal?

A)The organism requires carbon dioxide as an essential nutrient.
B)The haploid larvae develop into diploid adults.
C)The cell walls are diverse in structure but are composed of chitin.
D)homeotic genes play important roles in the development of the organism from zygote to adult.

Question 28

A true coelom is best described as

A)a body cavity that is lined by tissues derived from the mesoderm on one side and the endoderm on the other.
B)any body cavity that functions to cushion the internal organs and give them space for growth and movement.
C)a body cavity that is fully lined by tissue derived from the mesoderm.
D)the space between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

Question 29

Which of the following items demonstrates radial symmetry?

A)a glove
B)a pair of sunglasses
C)an apple pie
D)a tennis racket

Question 30

While wading in the ocean,you look down into the water and notice an umbrella- shaped,translucent animal.It swims by pulsing its body,and long tentacles trail behind it.One of them brushes your leg.Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where it touched you.To what phylum does this creature probably belong?

A)Cnidaria
B)Porifera
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Mollusca

Question 31

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)are _ and typically have .

A)bilaterally symmetrical ...a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus
B)bilaterally symmetrical ...a gastrovascular cavity with one opening
C)radially symmetrical ...no digestive system
D)all parasites ...no digestive system

Question 32

Coral reefs are

A)shells of Mollusca that have been converted to rock by geological processes.
B)marine rocks that often are used as attachment places by Cnidaria.
C)hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria).
D)hardened sugars that are secreted by algae.

Question 33

Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum

A)Arthropoda.
B)Cnidaria.
C)Annelida.
D)Platyhelminthes.

Question 34

Which adaptation is a key characteristic of annelids that greatly increases their flexibility and mobility?

A)segmentation
B)complete digestive tract
C)hydrostatic skeleton
D)three true tissue layers

Question 35

Traditional animal phylogenetic trees and the most recent molecular phylogenetic trees have many similarities.Which is a feature of the recent trees that was not present in the traditional phylogeny?

A)the status of sponges as the first group to diverge from the other animals
B)the grouping of nematodes and arthropods into a clade called the Ecdysozoa
C)the grouping of all bilaterally symmetric animals within a single clade
D)the placement of Echinodermata and Chordata together in a clade of deuterostomes

Question 36

Which part of this figure shows the thorax segment of this lobster?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 37

Which of the following features is unique to chordates?

A)bilateral symmetry
B)a notochord
C)a coelom
D)a complete digestive tract including an anus

Question 38

Walking in a basement you hear a crunching noise and notice that you have killed a small animal.You look closely and see part of a segmented body and a few jointed appendages twitching.What phylum does this animal represent?

A)Chordata
B)Annelida
C)Arthropoda
D)Echinodermata

Question 39

Which of the following are not included among the Eumetazoans,which have true tissues?

A)earthworms (Annelida)
B)sponges (Porifera)
C)sea anemones (Cnidaria)
D)sea stars (Echinodermata)

Question 40

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of molluscs?

A)a rasping organ called the radula
B)a sessile lifestyle
C)an internal skeleton and segmented body plan
D)a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening

Question 41

You find a small,elongated animal embedded in the sand with one end sticking out.Among other things,it has segmental musculature,a coelom,a notochord,and a complete digestive tract with an anus located partway down the body.This animal is

A)either a larval echinoderm or a chordate.
B)a larval echinoderm.
C)an annelid.
D)a chordate.

Question 42

Which of the following structures best represents a hydrostatic skeleton?

A)a water balloon
B)a piece of M & M candy
C)a spoon
D)an empty coffee mug

Question 43

How do sponges transport nutrients within their bodies?

A)Their mobile amoebocytes transport food molecules from cell to cell.
B)They have simple digestive and circulatory systems composed of spongin channels.
C)They rely on diffusion to move nutrients between their cells.
D)They are not able to transport nutrients within their bodies,but must independently absorb all necessary nutrients from the surrounding water.

Question 44

Most adult insects have three major body parts or sections.They are the

A)head,body,and legs.
B)head,thorax,and abdomen.
C)legs,wings,and body.
D)antennae,head,and abdomen.

Question 45

You find a wormlike,soft- bodied adult animal in a mud flat.It is bilaterally symmetrical,is segmented,has a true coelom,and has a complete digestive tract.Based on these characteristics,what phylum does the animal represent?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Nematoda
D)Platyhelminthes

Question 46

The is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through a sponge's body.

A)spicule
B)amoebocyte
C)choanocyte
D)spongin

Question 47

Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events of the Cambrian explosion?

A)A great surge of volcanic activity was triggered by significant movements of the continental plates and possibly by an asteroid impact.
B)The massive growth of swamp vegetation depleted the atmosphere's carbon dioxide and eventually cooled the Earth's climate.
C)Complex predator- prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification.
D)Solar flares led to increased UV radiation intensity,which in turn promoted a high rate of mutation.This led to rapid diversification of animals.

Question 48

Typical animal embryos have ,or external cell layer,and ,which lines the digestive tract.

A)a mesoderm ...a gastrula
B)an ectoderm ...a blastula
C)an ectoderm ...an endoderm
D)an endoderm ...an ectoderm

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding cnidarians is true?

A)The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity.
B)Cnidarians are herbivores and can be destructive grazers on seaweeds.
C)The more stationary cnidarian body form,which is cylindrical with a ring of tentacles,is the medusa.
D)Cnidarians have three true tissue layers.

Question 50

The symmetry of echinoderms generally includes

A)radially symmetrical larvae and adults.
B)bilaterally symmetrical larvae and adults.
C)spherically symmetrical larvae and adults.
D)bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults.

Question 51

To be characterized as a chordate,an organism must

A)possess a backbone in both the larval and adult stages.
B)possess a backbone in at least one life stage.
C)display all four key characteristics of Chordata in both the larval and adult stages.
D)display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle.

Question 52

The most numerous,diverse,and widespread animals are the

A)Chordata.
B)Annelida.
C)Mollusca.
D)Arthropoda.

Question 53

An organism that can fly and has an exoskeleton must be

A)a polychaete.
B)an echinoderm.
C)an insect.
D)a member of the Chordata.

Question 54

Tapeworms are similar to fungi in that

A)they feed by absorption.
B)they are sessile autotrophs.
C)they have cell walls made of chitin.
D)they inhabit marine,damp terrestrial,and freshwater habitats.

Question 55

You inflate a balloon and let it go.It shoots away as air exits forcefully through the balloon's narrow opening.This most closely resembles the mode of movement seen in

A)sea anemones.
B)snails.
C)nematodes.
D)squid.