Deck 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Question 1

Sister chromatids are

A)joined together at a centromere.
B)made only of DNA.
C)unique to prokaryotes.
D)found right after a cell divides.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following options correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?

A)It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids,and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.
B)It goes intact to one pole of the dividing cell.
C)It splits into four chromosomes,which distribute in random pairs to the two poles of the dividing cell.
D)It splits into two pairs of homologous,nonsister chromatids,and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following occurs during interphase?

A)separation of newly formed DNA to opposite ends of the cell
B)a reduction in the size of the nuclear membrane
C)cytokinesis
D)cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about nondisjunction is false?

A)Nondisjunction in meiosis can affect autosomes and sex chromosomes.
B)Women with a single X chromosome have Turner syndrome and are sterile.
C)In general,a single Y chromosome is enough to produce "maleness."
D)In mammals,extra copies of the Y chromosome are typically inactivated.

Question 5

The genetic material is duplicated during

A)the mitotic phase.
B)G2.
C)G₁.
D)the S phase.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is false?

A)People with Down syndrome usually have a shorter life span than normal.
B)Trisomy 21 is the cause of Down syndrome.
C)Down syndrome is least likely to be seen in the infants of mothers over 40.
D)Down syndrome is the most common serious birth defect in the United States.

Question 7

The phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form is

A)metaphase.
B)anaphase.
C)interphase.
D)prophase.

Question 8

The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called

A)binary fission.
B)cytokinesis.
C)telophase.
D)mitosis.

Question 9

Cancer is not usually inherited because

A)people with cancer usually die before reproducing.
B)the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells.
C)the cancerous cells usually interfere with the ability to produce gametes.
D)the causes of cancer are not usually genetic.

Question 10

A pair of sex chromosomes found in a human male is most like

A)identical twins.
B)a knife,fork,and spoon.
C)a bride and groom.
D)a pair of blue jeans.

Question 11

As a patch of scraped skin heals,the cells fill in the injured area but do not grow beyond that.This is an example of

A)density- dependent inhibition.
B)density- independent inhibition.
C)anchorage independence.
D)growth factor inhibition.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false?

A)An X chromosome is an autosome.
B)Gametes are haploid cells.
C)Two haploid cells fuse during fertilization.
D)A zygote is a fertilized egg.

Question 13

Nondisjunction occurs when

A)two chromosomes fuse into one.
B)a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.
C)members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.
D)an entire pair of chromosomes is lost during meiosis I.

Question 14

At the start of mitotic anaphase,

A)the centromeres of each chromosome come apart.
B)nuclear envelopes begin to form around the chromosomes.
C)the chromatid DNA replicates.
D)equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes have reached the two poles.

Question 15

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they

A)are simpler.
B)are housed in a membrane- enclosed nucleus.
C)include fewer proteins.
D)are circular in structure.

Question 16

Which of the following is a feature of plant cell division that distinguishes it from animal cell division?

A)formation of a cell plate
B)formation of a cleavage furrow
C)production of four (rather than two)new cells per mitotic division
D)lack of cytokinesis

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true?

A)Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction.
B)Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs.
C)Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents.
D)Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction.

Question 18

Strictly speaking,the phrase "like begets like" refers to

A)asexual reproduction only.
B)production of gametes from a premeiotic cell.
C)sexual reproduction only.
D)all forms of reproduction.

Question 19

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?

A)prophase
B)anaphase
C)telophase
D)metaphase

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is false?

A)Cells produced by mitosis are diploid,whereas cells produced by meiosis are haploid.
B)In meiosis four daughter cells are produced,whereas in mitosis two daughter cells are produced.
C)In mitosis cytokinesis occurs once,whereas in meiosis cytokinesis occurs twice.
D)Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis.

Question 21

Without crossing over

A)meiosis could not produce haploid gametes.
B)cells could not complete meiosis.
C)only a small number of unique gametes could be produced by a single individual.
D)genetic recombination could not occur.

Question 22

Looking into your microscope,you spot an unusual cell.Instead of the typical rounded cell shape,the cell has a very narrow middle separating two bulging ends.It sort of looks like the number 8! Then you realize that this cell is

A)in the G1 phase of interphase.
B)in the S phase of interphase.
C)about to undergo mitosis.
D)undergoing cytokinesis.

Question 23

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?

A)telophase
B)metaphase
C)prophase
D)interphase

Question 24

Which of the following features likely accounts for the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis?

A)Animal cells lack chloroplasts.
B)Animal cells lack the microfilaments required for forming a cleavage furrow.
C)Plant cells have cell walls.
D)Plant cells have two sets of chromosomes; animal cells have one set of chromosomes.

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding prokaryotes is false?

A)Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
B)In prokaryotes,daughter chromosomes are separated by an active movement away from each other and the growth of a new plasma membrane between them.
C)Most prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission.
D)Prokaryotic chromosomes are more complex than those of eukaryotes.

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false?

A)Meiosis only occurs in the ovaries and testes.
B)Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
C)All sexual life cycles involve an alternation of diploid and haploid stages.
D)A normal human zygote has 46 chromosomes.

Question 27

Prior to mitosis,each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called

A)sister chromosomes.
B)sister chromatids.
C)nucleoli.
D)chromatin.

Question 28

At a chiasma,two are attached to each other.

A)non- homologous chromosomes
B)daughter cells
C)homologous or sister chromatids
D)homologous or non- sister chromatids

Question 29

If these four cells resulted from cell division of a single cell with diploid chromosome number 2n = 4,what best describes what just occurred?

A)inversion
B)translocation
C)nondisjunction
D)normal meiosis

Question 30

How many generations does it take to develop a new plant species by polyploidy?

A)two
B)ten
C)about twenty
D)one

Question 31

A benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in that a benign tumor

A)does not metastasize.
B)spreads from the original site.
C)is cancerous.
D)never causes health problems.

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding genetic diversity is false?

A)Genetic diversity is enhanced by random fertilization.
B)Genetic diversity is enhanced by crossing over during meiosis.
C)Genetic diversity is enhanced by independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I.
D)Genetic diversity is enhanced by mitosis.

Question 33

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re- form?

A)anaphase
B)metaphase
C)telophase
D)prophase

Question 34

According to the graph,at what maternal age does the incidence of Down syndrome begin to increase substantially?

A)about 42 or 43
B)about 31 or 32
C)about 26 or 27
D)about 37 or 38

Question 35

Which of the following statements regarding cell division is false?

A)Cell division is necessary for development to occur.
B)Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.
C)Cell division is the basis of both sexual and asexual reproduction.
D)Cell division can reproduce an entire organism.

Question 36

What type of cell is shown?

A)animal cell in telophase
B)plant cell in metaphase
C)plant cell in telophase
D)animal cell in metaphase

Question 37

A karyotype is most like

A)a movie showing the stages of the reproductive cycle of a beetle.
B)the answer key to a multiple- choice exam.
C)a map showing the hidden location of buried treasure.
D)photographs of every couple at a high school prom.

Question 38

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent,without the participation of sperm and egg,is called

A)regeneration.
B)asexual reproduction.
C)spontaneous generation.
D)sexual reproduction.

Question 39

Which of the following must occur for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally?

A)The organism must receive a supply of the appropriate hormones from its parents.
B)Sufficient oxygen must be available to stimulate cell division.
C)Sufficient light must be available to stimulate cell division.
D)The organism must be able to control the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of its body.

Question 40

Which of the following shows the greatest promise as a cancer chemotherapy agent?

A)a drug that interferes with cellular respiration
B)a drug that prevents crossing over
C)a drug that prevents tetrad formation
D)a drug that prevents mitotic spindle from forming

Question 41

Both mitosis and meiosis are preceded by

A)prometaphase.
B)telophase.
C)prophase.
D)interphase.

Question 42

Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I results in an increase in the number of

A)sex chromosomes.
B)possible combinations of characteristics.
C)gametes.
D)homologous chromosomes.

Question 43

Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are

A)parallel chromosomes.
B)homologous chromosomes.
C)heterologous chromosomes.
D)complementary chromosomes.

Question 44

Which of the following helps maintain the structure of chromosomes and control the activity of genes?

A)proteins
B)centromeres
C)the nuclear membrane
D)ribosomes

Question 45

Which of the following is probably the main factor responsible for the phenomenon of density- dependent inhibition?

A)a local accumulation of growth- inhibiting factors
B)cells' innate ability to "sense" when the organ of which they are a part has no need for additional cells
C)physical contact of cell- surface proteins between adjacent cells.
D)a local deficiency of nutrients

Question 46

Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I and random fertilization are most like

A)shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker.
B)alphabetizing files in a filing cabinet.
C)cutting up a pie into eight even- sized slices.
D)pairing up similar socks after washing your clothes.

Question 47

Which of the following types of organisms commonly demonstrates polyploidy?

A)mammals
B)flowering plants
C)fish
D)reptiles

Question 48

With the exception of identical twins,siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar,but not identical,to each other because they have

A)a similar but not identical combination of genes.
B)identical chromosomes,but different genes.
C)identical genes but different chromosomes.
D)the same combination of traits,but different genes.

Question 49

Mature human nerve cells and muscle cells

A)become cancerous more easily than other cell types.
B)continue to divide throughout their lifetime.
C)cease dividing after a predetermined number of cell generations.
D)are permanently in a state of nondivision.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is false?

A)Mitosis allows organisms to repair tissues.
B)Mitosis allows organisms to reproduce asexually.
C)Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity.
D)Mitosis allows organisms to grow.

Question 51

If a chromosome fragment breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome,but in the reverse direction,the resulting chromosomal abnormality is called a(n)

A)inversion.
B)deletion.
C)translocation.
D)reciprocal translocation.

Question 52

You are asked to culture an unidentified sample of animal tissue.You notice that the cells seem to fail to exhibit density- dependent inhibition.The source of this tissue sample is most likely

A)a cancer.
B)a fetal liver.
C)the sperm- producing tissue of the testis.
D)skin.

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding the cell- cycle control system is false?

A)The cell- cycle control system receives messages from outside the cell that influence cell division.
B)The cell- cycle control system operates independently of the growth factors.
C)The cell- cycle control system includes three key checkpoints to complete a cell cycle.
D)The cell- cycle control system triggers and controls major events in the cell cycle.

Question 54

Asexual reproduction requires individual(s).

A)0
B)2
C)1
D)3

Question 55

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur?

A)prophase II
B)prophase I
C)interphase I
D)metaphase I

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false?

A)All the events unique to meiosis occur during meiosis I.
B)In mitosis,the chromosomes replicate only once in the preceding interphase.
C)Mitosis provides for growth and tissue repair.
D)Meiosis provides for asexual reproduction.

Question 57

When animal cells are grown in a petri dish,they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single,unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish.This arrest of division is an example of

A)growth factor desensitization.
B)density- dependent inhibition.
C)cell constraint.
D)cell division repression.

Question 58

Which of the following variations of the sentence "Where is the cat" is most like a chromosomal deletion?

A)Where is cat the the cat?
B)Where the is cat?
C)Where is cat?
D)Where is the the cat?