Deck 30: How Animals Move

Question 1

Which of the following structures is most like an exoskeleton?

A)the wood frame of a house
B)a water balloon
C)the hair covering the surface of a bear
D)a suit of armor

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle fibers is true?

A)Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin.
B)Each muscle fiber is composed of multinucleated cells.
C)Each muscle fiber is composed of globular proteins.
D)Each muscle fiber contains one sarcomere.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding exercise is true?

A)For an activity such as jogging or long- distance running,the primary source of energy is stored ATP and PCr.
B)If the demand for ATP outstrips oxygen supply,muscles switch to aerobic fermentation.
C)The main source of energy during aerobic exercise is ATP from aerobic respiration.
D)During a short burst of activity such as a sprint,the main source of energy is aerobic respiration.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction,a sarcomere contracts when its

A)thick filaments shorten,pulling the opposed sets of thin filaments past each other.
B)thin filaments slide toward each other across its thick filaments.
C)thin filaments slide across its Z lines.
D)thick filaments slide across its Z lines.

Question 5

Which part of this figure depicts the thoracic vertebrae?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 6

Functionally,the muscle fiber's fundamental unit of contraction is the

A)Z line.
B)myofibril.
C)sarcomere.
D)thick filament.

Question 7

Evolution has provided enormous diversity in the number of vertebrae among vertebrate species.Vertebrae are differentiated during embryonic development by

A)the pattern of homeotic gene expression.
B)hormone induction.
C)the length of the backbone.
D)the degree of structural support needed.

Question 8

Earthworms crawl by

A)pushing themselves forward from the tail.
B)the leg- like action of their belly scales.
C)undulating from side to side.
D)peristalsis.

Question 9

All eukaryotic cellular movement is based upon contractile systems involving

A)pseudopodia and jet propulsion.
B)swimming and jet propulsion.
C)microtubules and microfilaments.
D)cilia and flagella.

Question 10

Which of the following options lists muscle components in the correct order from smallest to largest?

A)sarcomeres,myofibrils,muscle fibers,muscle
B)muscle,sarcomeres,myofibrils,muscle fibers
C)myofibrils,muscle,sarcomeres,muscle fibers
D)sarcomeres,myofibrils,muscle,muscle fibers

Question 11

A thick filament consists of

A)actin and myosin.
B)actin and regulatory proteins.
C)actin.
D)myosin.

Question 12

Which of the following objects is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?

A)a water balloon
B)a bowling ball
C)a piece of M & M candy
D)a hot air balloon

Question 13

Why is a newly molted crab unusually slow and clumsy?

A)Its muscles are still forming their connections with the new exoskeleton.
B)Its neurons are still forming their connections with the new muscles.
C)It temporarily lacks an exoskeleton.
D)Its new exoskeleton tends to bend and crumple under the force of its muscles.

Question 14

The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system

A)enabled tetrapods to colonize land.
B)made animals significantly taller.
C)originated with a snake- like animal whose descendants gradually developed limbs.
D)originated in an earlier exoskeleton.

Question 15

An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to

A)add weight.
B)provide a source of calcium.
C)support the body.
D)generate hormones.

Question 16

The neurotransmitter found at the synapse between nerves and human skeletal muscle cells is

A)dopamine.
B)acetylcholine.
C)serotonin.
D)epinephrine.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?

A)Rod- shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends.
B)Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling.
C)Individual filamentous proteins contract.
D)Protein filaments crawl along other protein filaments.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about locomotion is true?

A)Locomotion requires animals to overcome friction and gravity.
B)Overcoming friction is a greater locomotion problem for land animals than for those that live in water.
C)Gravity is a greater locomotion problem for animals in water than those on land.
D)Bone strength is more important than body shape in the locomotion of land animals.

Question 19

Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause,but it is also emerging as a health concern for

A)women in their 20s and 30s.
B)men and younger people in general.
C)teenage men.
D)men over the age of 65.

Question 20

Which part of a bone contains the cells that produce blood cells?

A)spongy bone
B)yellow bone marrow
C)cartilage
D)compact bone

Question 21

A racehorse cannot stand on one leg,but when it runs it rarely has more than one leg on the ground.Why is a running horse more stable than a standing one?

A)Its internal organs act like a gyroscope.
B)Its legs tilt so the hooves fall in line with its center of gravity.
C)It uses its neck for balance the way a tightrope walker uses a pole.
D)Its momentum gives it stability.

Question 22

Muscles that are constantly active,such as those maintaining our body posture,have a high proportion of

A)slow,fatigue- susceptible fibers.
B)fast,fatigue- susceptible fibers.
C)slow,fatigue- resistant fibers.
D)fast,fatigue- resistant fibers.

Question 23

An airfoil provides lift because air moving over a wing must travel

A)a greater distance than air moving under the wing,creating a higher pressure system above the wing.
B)a lesser distance than air moving under the wing,creating a lower pressure system above the wing.
C)a lesser distance than air moving under the wing,creating a higher pressure system above the wing.
D)a greater distance than air moving under the wing,creating a lower pressure system above the wing.

Question 24

To repair and heal a broken bone,physicians will

A)return the broken bone parts to their natural position and then immobilize them.
B)prescribe a regime of bed rest and calcium supplements.
C)graft new bone to the region.
D)exercise the area of the broken bone.

Question 25

If you inflate a balloon and then let it go,the air rushing out moves the balloon in a way that is similar to the way that a _ moves.

A)snake
B)squid
C)shark
D)kangaroo

Question 26

Which of the following would have the greatest number of muscle cells per motor unit?

A)muscles controlling the movement of our hands
B)facial muscles
C)muscles controlling the movement of an eyeball
D)a thigh muscle

Question 27

Which part of this figure depicting a bone shows spongy bone tissue?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 28

Which part of a bone contains mostly stored fat?

A)spongy bone
B)yellow bone marrow
C)fibrous connective tissue
D)red bone marrow

Question 29

The way the tendons in the legs of a kangaroo aid in locomotion is most like

A)stretching and contracting a rubber band.
B)the circular movements of the wheels of an automobile.
C)smashing an apple to make applesauce.
D)stepping in mud and the mud spreading out as your foot sinks in.

Question 30

Muscles are connected to bones by

A)Sharpey's fibers.
B)tendons.
C)myofibrils.
D)ligaments.

Question 31

The contacting surfaces of a moving joint,such as your hip joint,consist of

A)compact bone.
B)spongy bone.
C)collagen.
D)cartilage.

Question 32

A tennis player serving the ball uses fast muscle fibers.The ATP needed to accomplish this would come from

A)conversion of lactic acid to ATP.
B)microaerophilic respiration.
C)anaerobic fermentation
D)aerobic respiration.

Question 33

Which of the following animals has an exoskeleton?

A)clam
B)human
C)trout
D)shark

Question 34

Which of the following animals has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage?

A)robin
B)mackerel
C)nurse shark
D)bullfrog

Question 35

If you lay your forearm along the table,you can rotate it so that your hand changes from a palm- down to a palm- up position.This is possible because your radius and ulna join at a

A)ball- and- socket joint.
B)twist joint.
C)hinge joint.
D)pivot joint.

Question 36

The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder girdle is an example of

A)a pivot joint.
B)a sliding joint.
C)a ball- and- socket joint.
D)a hinge joint.

Question 37

Which of the following attaches the forelimbs to the axial skeleton in a human?

A)pelvic girdle
B)vertebra
C)shoulder girdle
D)appendicular skeleton

Question 38

The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to

A)make it possible for ATP to bind to myosin.
B)make it possible for ATP to bind to actin.
C)release ADP and phosphate from myosin.
D)make it possible for myosin to bind to actin.

Question 39

Bone is composed of

A)hardened cartilage.
B)living cells that secrete a surrounding matrix.
C)a hard composite of phosphate and sodium ions.
D)channels containing lymphoid tissue.

Question 40

Structurally,a sarcomere is

A)an array of Z units.
B)the region between two Z lines.
C)the region between a thick filament and the next thin filament.
D)the region between two thick filaments.

Question 41

Osteoporosis is characterized by

A)low phosphate levels in bone.
B)hairline cracks in long bones,such as the femur.
C)lack of vitamin E in bone tissue.
D)low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.

Question 42

A major difference between movement in humans and horses is

A)that humans can run faster over longer distances.
B)that humans generate more ATP.
C)differences in degree of joint flexibility.
D)the size of the heart in relation to the rest of the body.

Question 43

During muscle contraction,

A)only the thin filaments shorten.
B)only the thick filaments shorten.
C)only the sarcomere shortens.
D)both the thick filaments and the sarcomere shorten.

Question 44

The calcium that triggers muscle contraction is stored in

A)synaptic vesicles.
B)the mitochondria.
C)the endoplasmic reticulum.
D)the motor neuron.

Question 45

Earthworms have

A)an endoskeleton.
B)a peristaltic skeleton.
C)a hydrostatic skeleton.
D)an exoskeleton.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true?

A)Hydrostatic skeletons are nonflexible.
B)Hydrostatic skeletons provide little support for muscle action.
C)Hydrostatic skeletons can protect internal organs.
D)Hydrostatic skeletons produce rigid animals that maintain one shape.

Question 47

Which of the following statements best describes the power stroke of muscle contraction?

A)The myosin head bends,pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
B)The actin head bends,pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
C)The myosin head bends,pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
D)The actin head bends,pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 48

Which of the following structures constitutes part of the axial skeleton?

A)leg bones
B)skull
C)pelvic girdle
D)shoulder girdle

Question 49

The sequence of events that cause a muscle to contract can be summed up in the correct order as

A)detach,extend,contract,attach.
B)pull,contract,detach,recoil.
C)detach,pull,extend,contract.
D)detach,extend,attach,pull.

Question 50

Skeletal muscles

A)are found in and around internal organs.
B)work in antagonistic pairs.
C)push on bones to make them move.
D)get longer when they contract.

Question 51

Changes occur within a sarcomere during muscle contraction.One change is that the

A)thick filaments move closer together.
B)thick filaments get thicker.
C)Z lines move closer together.
D)thin filaments get thicker.