Deck 28: Nervous Systems

Question 1

Our biological clock,which regulates the sleep- wake cycle,is housed within the

A)cerebrum.
B)brain stem.
C)cerebellum.
D)hypothalamus.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true?

A)Alzheimer's disease is age- related,increasing in frequency as people age.
B)Alzheimer's disease frequently involves positive changes in personality.
C)Alzheimer's disease is suspected if a patient cannot retain his or her balance.
D)Alzheimer's disease often reverses or improves with time.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which part of this diagram of a neuron depicts the axon?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding brain activity is true?

A)Recent research has revealed that the 1848 accident involving Phineas Gage caused damage to his hindbrain.
B)People cannot function when the communication channels between the hemispheres are cut.
C)People usually die following a hemispherectomy.
D)New techniques,such as PET scans and fMRIs,allow researchers to associate specific parts of the brain with certain activities.

Question 5

Parkinson's disease is associated with a deficiency in

A)dopamine.
B)endorphins.
C)serotonin.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 6

Which of the following brain regions controls the secretion of pituitary hormones and exerts direct control over many other aspects of homeostasis?

A)cerebellum
B)hippocampus
C)hypothalamus
D)thalamus

Question 7

The signal that crosses a synapse is stopped when

A)the responding cell runs out of sodium and is no longer able to respond to the stimulus.
B)the neurotransmitter is enzymatically broken down or transported back to the signaling cell.
C)the responding cell runs out of potassium and is no longer able to respond to the stimulus.
D)a second action potential traveling down the signaling cell sounds a "retreat" and the neurotransmitters return to the signaling cell

Question 8

Action potentials normally travel along an axon

A)either towards or away from the cell body
B)toward the cell body.
C)away from the synapse.
D)away from the cell body.

Question 9

In all vertebrates,the brain consists of the

A)cerebrum,forebrain,and hindbrain.
B)forebrain,midbrain,and hindbrain.
C)cerebrum,cerebellum,and hindbrain.
D)cerebrum,midbrain,and hindbrain.

Question 10

Morphine,codeine,and heroin are all opiates that function by

A)binding to GABA receptors.
B)binding to acetylcholine receptors.
C)binding to endorphin receptors.
D)blocking the removal of serotonin from synapses.

Question 11

Natural selection tends to correlate the structures of a nervous system with an animal's interaction with the environment.A good example are sessile or slow- moving mollusks such as clams,which

A)use chemical synapses to process complex information.
B)use their circulatory system as a mechanism for distributing nerve impulses.
C)have little or no cephalization and simple sense organs.
D)have a well- developed brain that functions as a master control center.

Question 12

Once an action potential is triggered,there is a

A)reversal of the membrane polarity,with the interior of the cell becoming positively charged.
B)sudden impermeability of the membrane to the transport of ions.
C)sudden rush of potassium into the neuron.
D)reversal of the membrane polarity,with the interior of the cell becoming negatively charged.

Question 13

What part of a neuron carries signals toward the part of the cell that houses the nucleus?

A)axon
B)dendrite
C)cell body
D)node of Ranvier

Question 14

A physician friend of yours is telling you about a patient with a head injury who suddenly stopped breathing.Your friend explains that the bony rim was pressing against the breathing center.You guess that the "bony rim" (whatever that is)must have been exerting pressure in the region of the

A)thalamus and hypothalamus.
B)medulla oblongata and pons.
C)basal ganglia and hippocampus.
D)cerebellum and cerebrum.

Question 15

Valium,a prescription drug used to treat depression,works by

A)increasing the release and availability of norepinephrine and dopamine at synapses.
B)activating receptors for GABA.
C)increasing the inhibitory effect of GABA.
D)binding and activating acetylcholine receptors.

Question 16

Which part of this diagram of the human brain depicts the cerebellum?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 17

You start to fall but then catch yourself,regaining your balance.Which of the following brain regions is responsible for the rapid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from falling?

A)motor cortex
B)cerebellum
C)pons
D)thalamus

Question 18

During transmission across a typical chemical synapse,

A)action potentials trigger chemical changes that make the synaptic vesicles fuse with each other.
B)neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the receiving cell's plasma membrane.
C)neurotransmitter molecules are stored in the synaptic cleft.
D)vesicles containing neurotransmitter diffuse to the receiving cell's plasma membrane.

Question 19

The effect of a sending neuron on a receiving neuron is typically greater when neurotransmitters bind to the receiving neuron and the synapse is _ the base of the receiving cell's axon.

A)more ...close to
B)fewer ...close to
C)fewer ...far from
D)more ...far from

Question 20

The central communication conduit between the brain and the rest of the body is the

A)nerve bundle.
B)brain stem.
C)nervous system.
D)spinal cord.

Question 21

The uniformity in the way nerve cells function within the animal kingdom

A)must have prevented the development of diversity.
B)is evidence that the neuron was an early evolutionary adaptation.
C)indicates that the PNS evolved before the CNS.
D)is proof of neurotransmitter efficiency.

Question 22

One of the most important branch points in the evolution of animals and their nervous systems was the appearance of

A)radical symmetry.
B)the spinal column.
C)specialized cells for transmitting signals.
D)bilateral symmetry.

Question 23

Our emotions,learning,and memory depend upon the

A)occipital lobes.
B)limbic system.
C)frontal lobes.
D)parietal lobes.

Question 24

Action potentials relay different intensities of information due to the

A)duration of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
B)frequency of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
C)shape of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
D)amplitude of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.

Question 25

The sophisticated behavior of mammals and birds is directly related to

A)their relatively large midbrain.
B)the presence of a forebrain.
C)their relatively large cerebrum.
D)the presence of a hindbrain.

Question 26

The autonomic nervous system

A)is part of the central nervous system.
B)regulates the internal environment of the body.
C)carries signals to and from skeletal muscles.
D)integrates sensory inputs to the brain.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is true?

A)The PNS is composed entirely of nerves.
B)The CNS and the brain are the same thing.
C)Sensory neurons convey signals from the CNS to sensory receptors.
D)Motor neurons convey signals from the CNS to effector cells.

Question 28

Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and trigger action potentials in receiving cells are called

A)obligatory.
B)cross- linked.
C)excitatory.
D)inhibitory.

Question 29

What part of the brain sorts incoming information,such as touch signals from your hand,into categories before relaying it to the cerebral cortex?

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)hippocampus
D)pons

Question 30

When you are very nervous,perhaps before you must speak in front of your college class,you notice that your mouth is dry and your heart is racing.This is most likely due to stimulation by the

A)parasympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system.
B)sympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system.
C)motor division of your parasympathetic nervous system.
D)enteric division of your autonomic nervous system.

Question 31

During REM sleep,an EEG shows

A)mainly alpha waves.
B)sleep waves.
C)an irregular,rapidly changing pattern.
D)a flat trace with very few waves.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about resting potential is true?

A)The sodium- potassium pump contributes to the resting membrane potential.
B)A resting membrane allows much more sodium than potassium to diffuse across.
C)The resting potential exists because of differences in glucose concentration inside and outside the cell.
D)The concentration of sodium is much higher inside the cell than outside.

Question 33

Once the threshold potential is reached,

A)Na+ channels close.
B)an action potential is inevitable.
C)K+ channels open.
D)the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside.

Question 34

What part of the brain allows us to recognize the emotional content of facial expressions and also helps lay down emotional memories?

A)corpus callosum
B)hippocampus
C)prefrontal cortex
D)amygdala

Question 35

fMRI technology can provide significant insights into brain function by

A)measuring changes in blood oxygen usage at sites of brain activity.
B)measuring areas of electronegativity.
C)detecting damaged areas of the brain.
D)showing the pathways of nerve impulses.

Question 36

Treatments for depression often include drugs that help correct imbalances in the levels of

A)nitric oxide.
B)serotonin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)epinephrine.

Question 37

The relationship between spinal nerves and the spinal cord is most like the relationship between

A)an interstate highway and the many roads that intersect with it via on- and off- ramps.
B)a bowl of spaghetti and the sauce that is poured onto it.
C)the hairs on a person's head.
D)the vertical and horizontal threads woven together to form a piece of cloth.

Question 38

The two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the

A)voluntary nervous system and involuntary nervous system.
B)sensory nervous system and motor nervous system.
C)central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
D)sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 39

The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system consists of neurons in the digestive tract,the gallbladder,and the

A)lymphatic system.
B)thyroid gland.
C)heart.
D)pancreas.

Question 40

Botulinum toxin (Botox)produced by certain bacteria will

A)cause continual contraction of smooth muscle.
B)prevent enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters.
C)initiate an increase in the strength of a transmitted signal.
D)inhibit the release of acetylcholine.

Question 41

Multiple sclerosis results from an autoimmune disease that primarily involves

A)destruction of the myelin sheath.
B)deterioration of parts of the spinal cord.
C)destruction of the hippocampus.
D)destruction of regions of the motor cortex.

Question 42

The human cerebral cortex accounts for what percentage of the total mass of the brain?

A)40%
B)60%
C)80%
D)20%

Question 43

The simplest animals to display cephalization and centralization of the nervous system are

A)echinoderms.
B)flatworms.
C)cnidarians.
D)sponges.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about Parkinson's disease is true?

A)Parkinson's disease is age- related,decreasing in frequency as people age.
B)Parkinson's disease results from the death of neurons in the cerebellum.
C)Parkinson's disease can be cured with injections of serotonin.
D)Parkinson's disease is a motor disorder,affecting physical movements of the body.

Question 45

The brain and sensory system of a bilaterally symmetric organism function most like

A)the engine of a motorboat.
B)the pilot of an airplane.
C)a member of a marching band.
D)the passengers on a train.

Question 46

The functional unit of the nervous system is the

A)neuron.
B)axon.
C)synapse.
D)cell body.

Question 47

The gap between the transmitting and receiving neurons in a chemical synapse is known as the

A)synaptic node.
B)synaptic cleft.
C)gap junction.
D)synaptic gap.

Question 48

One neurotransmitter associated with sleep,mood,attention,and learning is

A)epinephrine.
B)NO.
C)serotonin.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 49

Which of the following results from stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A)stimulation of saliva secretion
B)inhibition of urination
C)inhibition of the digestive organs
D)increased heart rate

Question 50

Which of the following results from stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system?

A)stimulation of the digestive organs
B)decreased heart rate
C)release of glucose from the liver
D)constriction of the bronchi

Question 51

The network of neurons that extends through the core of the brainstem and selects information that reaches the cerebral cortex during sleep is the

A)brainstem core.
B)medulla.
C)limbic system.
D)reticular formation.

Question 52

Which division of the human nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscles?

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)autonomic nervous system
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)motor system

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding the brain is true?

A)The blood- brain barrier helps to maintains a stable chemical environment for the brain.
B)Layers of connective tissue,called epithelium,surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.
C)White matter is mainly dendrites.
D)Ventricles in the brain are filled with interstitial fluid.

Question 54

Nervous system effector cells

A)include muscle cells and gland cells.
B)consist of sensory cells.
C)provide automatic responses to stimuli.
D)are white cells found in the circulatory system.

Question 55

The speed of impulse conduction along an axon may be increased by

A)EPSPs.
B)a graded potential.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)a myelin sheath

Question 56

The brain of humans is strongly oriented toward the interpretation of

A)hearing.
B)touch.
C)smell.
D)vision.