Deck 6: Vision

Question 1

 The reason we do not perceive our eye blinks as "blackouts" might be that

A) blinks happen too quickly to be perceived by the cerebral cortex.
B) during a blink, the visual cortex is deactivated.
C) we learn to ignore these interruptions in visual input.
D) during a blink, areas of the brain involved with consciousness become less active.

Answer 1

during a blink, areas of the brain involved with consciousness become less active.

Question 2

 Light is entering George's eye and is being converted to neural signals by the cells in his retina in a process called ____. When George realizes that what he is looking at is a red car, he is using a process called ______.

A) sensation; perception
B) perception; sensation
C) conscious; unconscious
D) natural; supernatural

Answer 2

sensation; perception

Question 3

 A sweater looks blue because it has properties that

A) reflect short wavelengths while absorbing longer wavelengths.
B) reflect long wavelengths while absorbing shorter wavelengths.
C) refract short wavelengths while absorbing longer wavelengths.
D) refract long wavelengths while absorbing shorter wavelengths.

Answer 3

reflect short wavelengths while absorbing longer wavelengths.

Question 4

 The double pupils in each eye of Anableps anableps allows the fish to overcome distortions of light in both water and air caused by

A) refraction.
B) reflection.
C) absorption.
D) both reflection and absorption.

Question 5

 Jerold is working on a project where he was tasked to design a hypothetical new visual system. He suggested that the visual system detect microwaves. Why might this be a bad idea?

A) Most longer wavelengths are blocked by the earth's atmosphere.
B) They travel at too slow a speed.
C) They are too abundant at the earth's surface to be useful in vision.
D) Longer wavelengths penetrate objects instead of being reflected from them.

Question 6

 ________ serves as an important gateway to perception.

A) Attention
B) Learning
C) Memory
D) Reflexive behavior

Question 7

 The transformation of sensory stimuli into neural signals in any of the sensory systems is called ________.

A) sensation
B) interpolation
C) perception
D) transduction

Question 8

 The color of an object that a human sees is a function of the wavelengths that are _________ the object.

A) refracted by
B) absorbed by
C) reflected by
D) passed through

Question 9

 The range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans falls between _________ nm.

A) 400 and 700
B) 100 and 600
C) 700 and 1,000
D) 1,000 and 10,000

Question 10

 The amplitude of a light wave is encoded as _____________, while the wavelength of a light wave is encoded as ___________________.

A) brightness; color
B) color; brightness
C) saturation; reflection
D) hue; saturation

Question 11

 The process of translating sensory information into action potentials is known as

A) transduction.
B) translation.
C) absorption.
D) the dark current.

Question 12

 Mariah will interpret small amplitude waves of light as

A) dim.
B) bright.
C) red.
D) purple.

Question 13

 Photons

A) may be divided into smaller particles.
B) possess constant amounts of energy.
C) always travel at the same speed.
D) are too small to impact the visual systems of animals.

Question 14

 Among the advantages of light as a stimulus is the fact that light

A) passes through any medium.
B) is absorbed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
C) does not travel in straight lines.
D) travels very quickly.

Question 15

 Francesca is working on a project where she was tasked to design a hypothetical new visual system. She suggested that the visual system detect ultraviolet (UV) light. Why might this be a bad idea?

A) It passes through objects rather than reflecting from them.
B) It is too abundant at the surface of the earth.
C) Most UV light is blocked by the earth's atmosphere.
D) It travels at too slow a speed.

Question 16

 Sarah is in charge of lighting for a school play, and she must find the right "gel," or color filter, to produce a light with a wavelength of about 680 nm. When used on stage, the light will look

A) violet.
B) green.
C) yellow.
D) red.

Question 17

 Which of the following features do NOT contribute to the protection of the human eye?

A) the bony orbits
B) tears
C) the placement of the eyes toward the front
D) blinking

Question 18

 Based on the placement of the human eye, we should probably be classified as

A) primarily a prey species.
B) primarily a predator species.
C) both a prey and a predator species.
D) neither a prey nor a predator species.

Question 19

 Within the visible light spectrum, shorter wavelengths are perceived as_________, whereas longer wavelengths are perceived as _________.

A) red; violet and blue
B) violet and blue; red
C) yellow; blue and blue
D) red; green

Question 20

 Electromagnetic radiation

A) does not really exist.
B) can be described as the movement of tiny indivisible particles called photons.
C) is made up of tiny particles called electromagnetons.
D) describes only the type of energy that is visible to the human eye.

Question 21

 Ashley's mother woke up one morning seeing rings of flashing light in one eye. Her doctor diagnosed the event as a "vitreous detachment." Although Ashley was unfamiliar with this condition until she looked it up in her search engine, she was able to tell her mother that it probably involved

A) the pigmented tissue at the back of the eye that supports the photoreceptors.
B) a blockage of the tear ducts at the outer upper corner of the eye.
C) the fluid located in the main interior chamber of the eyeball.
D) the fluid located in the secondary anterior chamber of the eyeball.

Question 22

 Professor MacLeod is lecturing on the parts of the eye. He tells the class that the aqueous humor is found in the

A) anterior chamber.
B) vitreous chamber.
C) cornea.
D) lens.

Question 23

 Vernita has brown eyes and her husband has green eyes. Their eyes differ in color mostly due to the

A) thickness of their corneas.
B) number of blood vessels in the cornea.
C) amount of melanin in the iris.
D) number of blood vessels in the retina.

Question 24

 Which of the following structures is actually a clear extension of the sclera?

A) the fovea
B) the macula
C) the lens
D) the cornea

Question 25

 Marybeth is in pain because she scratched the white, tough outer covering of her eye called the

A) fovea.
B) iris.
C) sclera.
D) cornea.

Question 26

 Nick's grandfather has just been diagnosed with glaucoma and was told by his doctor that this condition results from a blockage of fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Based on Nick's understanding of the anatomy of the eye, he was able to tell his grandfather that the blockage involves his

A) vitreous humor, which circulates around the cornea and lens.
B) aqueous humor, which circulates around the cornea and lens.
C) vitreous humor, located in the main chamber of the eyeball.
D) aqueous humor, located in the main chamber of the eyeball.

Question 27

 The cornea and lens both remain clear, because

A) they consist of special proteins found only in the eye.
B) we habituate to the sight of their blood vessels.
C) neither has a blood supply.
D) their blood vessels contain clear plasma only.

Question 28

 Relative to the actual image being viewed, the image reflected on the retina of the eye is

A) identical in its spatial orientation.
B) slightly elongated.
C) right side up and reversed.
D) upside down and reversed.

Question 29

 The major interior chamber of the eye is known as the _________ chamber.

A) anterior
B) aqueous
C) vitreous
D) macular

Question 30

 Amber's mom is in her mid-40s, and she's starting to complain about how long it takes her to see well when she shifts her vision from the speedometer of her car to the road ahead of her. It is likely that Amber's mom is experiencing age-related deficits in the ability of her lens to

A) assimilate.
B) accommodate.
C) transduce.
D) laterally inhibit.

Question 31

 The aqueous and vitreous humors differ in that the

A) aqueous humor is replenished and the vitreous humor is not.
B) vitreous humor is replenished and the aqueous humor is not.
C) aqueous humor nourishes the cornea, whereas the vitreous humor nourishes the lens.
D) vitreous humor nourishes the cornea, whereas the aqueous humor nourishes the lens.

Question 32

 Nyla is shedding tears because she is sad. Willow is shedding tears because she is cutting an onion. Nyla's tears contain ______ than Willow's tears.

A) more hormones
B) more glucose
C) less water
D) less salt

Question 33

 We do not see the blood vessels and neurons that lie in front of the photoreceptors because

A) the visual system does not respond much to stimuli that never change.
B) these structures are made of special proteins whose fibers make them transparent.
C) they are blocked by the vitreous humor.
D) they lie behind the lens and cornea.

Question 34

 The cornea obtains nutrients from

A) its own blood supply.
B) the aqueous humor.
C) the vitreous humor.
D) the blood supply of the iris.

Question 35

 Professor Toomer tells his class that all of the following influence eye color except

A) the amount of melanin in the iris.
B) reflection of light by the blood vessels and tissue in the iris.
C) absorption of light by the blood vessels and tissue in the iris.
D) the thickness of the cornea.

Question 36

 Before reaching the photoreceptors, light must pass through the

A) retinal epithelium.
B) optic disk.
C) vitreous humor and several layers of neurons.
D) vitreous humor, blood vessels, and several layers of neurons.

Question 37

 Blaine just drove from outside where it was bright into a dark tunnel. When he entered the tunnel, his pupils

A) did not change at all.
B) got smaller (less open).
C) got bigger (more open).
D) quickly got bigger and then got smaller and stayed that way.

Question 38

 The process of adjusting focus when looking at objects close up or at a distance is known as

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) transduction.
D) lateral inhibition.

Question 39

 Courtney suffered a corneal abrasion on one eye after she fell asleep with her hard contact lenses in place. When she asked her physician what to expect from her injury, the physician told her that

A) she would no longer be able to see from that eye.
B) she would need painkillers, as the cornea has a high density of pain receptors.
C) she wouldn't need any pain medication, because the cornea lacks pain reception.
D) her monocular depth perception would no longer function normally.

Question 40

 The lens obtains its nutrients from

A) its own blood supply.
B) the aqueous humor.
C) the vitreous humor.
D) the blood supply of the iris.

Question 41

 The small pit within the macula, specialized for detailed vision, is known as the

A) optic disk.
B) epithelium.
C) fovea.
D) inner plexiform layer.

Question 42

 Professor Crass tells her students that each human eye contains around _____ million rods.

A) 3
B) 50
C) 100
D) 150

Question 43

 The axons of which type of cell form the optic nerve?

A) bipolar
B) amacrine
C) ganglion
D) horizontal

Question 44

 The fovea contains only

A) rods in all animals.
B) cones in all animals.
C) rods in primates.
D) cones in primates.

Question 45

 The type of retinal cells indicated by #3 in the given image are _________ cells.
(see Figure 6.1)

A) ganglion
B) horizontal
C) bipolar
D) Amacrine

Question 46

 Cell bodies of the photoreceptors are located in the _________ area.

A) inner nuclear
B) outer nuclear
C) inner plexiform
D) outer plexiform

Question 47

 Renetta's _______ vision is the result of activity of her rods that respond to ______ light.

A) scotopic; dim
B) scotopic; bright
C) photopic; dim
D) photopic; bright

Question 48

 The layer of pigmented cells supporting the photoreceptors in the retina and absorbing random light is known as the

A) macula.
B) epithelium.
C) fovea.
D) ganglion layer.

Question 49

 Rods contain which of the following photopigments?

A) rhodopsin
B) cyanolabe
C) chlorolabe
D) erythrolabe

Question 50

 Compared with photopic vision, scotopic vision is

A) highly sensitive to light and color.
B) less sensitive to light and color.
C) highly sensitive to light but not detail.
D) highly sensitive to detail but not light.

Question 51

 The "red eye" that appears in some flash photography results from the

A) distortion of the eye's color by the aqueous and vitreous humors.
B) scattering of light from the iris of the eye.
C) reflection from the red epithelium behind the retina.
D) rich blood supply of the retina.

Question 52

 When Tana stares directly at an object, the light from that object is projected onto the center of her

A) optic disk.
B) anterior chamber.
C) sclera.
D) macula.

Question 53

 Photoreceptors absorb light in their

A) axons.
B) dendrites.
C) outer segments.
D) inner segments.

Question 54

 Professor Gasaway tells her class that humans have a blind spot in each eye because of the

A) fovea.
B) optic disk.
C) macula.
D) rods.

Question 55

 Blood vessels and axons forming the optic nerve enter and exit the eye at the

A) optic disk.
B) macula.
C) fovea.
D) temporal retina.

Question 56

 The dendrites of ganglion cells form connections with the amacrine and bipolar cells in the _________ layer.

A) inner nuclear
B) outer nuclear
C) inner plexiform
D) outer plexiform

Question 57

 The cell bodies of bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells are located in the _________ layer.

A) inner nuclear
B) outer nuclear
C) inner plexiform
D) outer plexiform

Question 58

 Gary's physician warned him that changes in his vision made it too dangerous for him to drive his car anymore after dark, although he would be perfectly safe during the daytime. Gary is probably experiencing deficits in his

A) color vision.
B) retinal disparity.
C) photopic vision.
D) scotopic vision.

Question 59

 Bipolar cells form connections with horizontal cells and photoreceptors in the _________ layer.

A) inner nuclear
B) outer nuclear
C) inner plexiform
D) outer plexiform

Question 60

 Bing has had a stroke that affected an area of his brain that serves his macula, including the foveas of both eyes. What should you expect his vision to be like?

A) He will be totally blind.
B) He will be able to see only what is exactly in front of him.
C) He will be able to see only what is in his peripheral visual area.
D) He will be able to see color but not movement.

Question 61

 Cone photopigments differ from rhodopsin in that they

A) respond to black and white as opposed to color.
B) require more light before breaking apart.
C) take longer to synthesize.
D) are not contained in the photoreceptor outer segment.

Question 62

 Rhodopsin absorbs photons most effectively from wavelengths that appear

A) red.
B) yellow.
C) blue-green.
D) violet.

Question 63

 Jennifer has been assessing the rate at which neurotransmitters are being released by a population of rods. So far she has observed a very low rate of release, which most likely means that the rods are

A) completely in the dark.
B) being exposed to dim light.
C) being exposed to bright light.
D) no longer functioning normally.

Question 64

 James is comparing recordings of a rod's reaction to a very bright light and a dim light. He soon observes that the bright light produces _________ in the rod compared with activity in the dim light.

A) greater hyperpolarization
B) less hyperpolarization
C) greater depolarization
D) little change

Question 65

 Jessica's vision is 20/20, but her friend Joshua needs to wear glasses to correct for his 20/200 vision. Without his glasses, Joshua sees as much detail in objects that are 20 feet away from him as Jessica sees in objects that are _________ feet away from her.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 200
D) 2,000

Question 66

 On a night patrol with his platoon, Charles has been ordered to watch a house through night vision goggles and notify his commander when the front door opens. Suddenly his night vision goggles malfunction. Until he can figure out how to readjust them, he will see the door opening best if he

A) continues to look straight ahead at the door, focusing light on his foveas.
B) continues to look straight ahead at the door to use his scotopic vision.
C) focuses on a point to the left or right of the door in order to use his scotopic vision.
D) focuses on a point to the left or right of the door in order to use his photopic vision.

Question 67

 The periphery of the retina is superior to the center for viewing

A) colorful objects in bright light.
B) black and white objects in bright light.
C) objects in fine detail in dim light.
D) objects with less detail in dim light.

Question 68

 As they walked on the beach on a starry night, Louise complimented her friend Josh on the color of his new sweater. It is most likely that Louise

A) saw the sweater earlier under brighter light, because she would be unable to see its color in the dark.
B) might not like the color of the sweater as well when she sees it under brighter light, because color vision in the dark is more reddish.
C) can see the color of the sweater perfectly well, as color vision is excellent even in starlight conditions.
D) possibly has a color deficiency, resulting in her "seeing" a color that she shouldn't be able to see at night.

Question 69

 Photoreceptors

A) are hyperpolarized in the dark and depolarized by light.
B) are depolarized in the dark and hyperpolarized by light.
C) produce action potentials in response to being in the dark.
D) experience no refractory periods in response to light.

Question 70

 Cones are responsible for _________ vision, which refers to our ability to see in _________ light.

A) scotopic; dim
B) scotopic; bright
C) photopic; dim
D) photopic; bright

Question 71

 Photoreceptors release which of the following neurotransmitters when depolarized?

A) substance P
B) serotonin
C) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
D) glutamate

Question 72

 Chong is looking at the fine details of a beautiful painting in an art gallery. Most likely, he is relying on his ____ that give him ______ vision to stare at the picture.

A) rods; scotopic
B) cones; scotopic
C) rods; photopic
D) cones; photopic

Question 73

 When rods are in the dark, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) keeps sodium channels _________ allowing sodium to _________ the cell.

A) open; enter
B) open; leave
C) closed; enter
D) closed; leave

Question 74

 Professor Savedra tells his class that the human eye contains around _____ million cones.

A) 3
B) 100
C) 150
D) 300

Question 75

 When a rod absorbs a photon of light, retinal changes from the

A) 11-cis form to the all-trans form and merges with opsin to form rhodopsin.
B) all-trans form to the 11-cis form and merges with opsin to form rhodopsin.
C) 11-cis form to the all-trans form, and the rhodopsin molecule breaks apart.
D) all-trans form to the 11-cis form, and the rhodopsin molecule breaks apart.

Question 76

 Red, or long-wavelength, cones contain which of the following photopigments?

A) rhodopsin
B) cyanolabe
C) chlorolabe
D) erythrolabe

Question 77

 Moving from the fovea to the outer margins of the retina,

A) rods and cones are evenly distributed.
B) the concentration of rods decreases and the concentration of cones increases.
C) the concentration of cones decreases and the concentration of rods increases.
D) rods and cones are concentrated in distinct clusters.

Question 78

 Rhodopsin, the photopigment found in rods, has two parts, opsin and ________.

A) cyanolabe
B) retinal
C) erythrolabe
D) ganglia

Question 79

 While you are reading this test, your _________ vision is most active because of activity in your _________.

A) photopic; fovea
B) scotopic; fovea
C) photopic; ganglion area
D) photopic; rods

Question 80

 When you enter a darkened theatre, it takes a while before you can see your surroundings clearly. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is that

A) the lens needs time to accommodate to the change in lighting.
B) the glutamate in rods has been depleted and more must be synthesized.
C) the visual system switches slowly between processing inputs from cones to inputs from rods.
D) it takes about 30 minutes for rhodopsin to regenerate after it has broken apart in response to light.