Deck 21: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

Digestion begins in the

A)tongue.
B)stomach.
C)esophagus.
D)oral cavity.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All animals must obtain _ from outside sources.

A)preformed ATP
B)enzymes
C)chyme
D)fuel to power body activities

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Interestingly,most herbivorous animals do not have the ability to digest the cellulose in plants.However,in the absence of this ability,they have evolved a mechanism that allows them to survive despite eating only plant matter,namely

A)converting cellulose to other carbohydrates.
B)avoidance of plants containing cellulose.
C)production of saliva containing amylase.
D)digestion by symbiotic microorganisms.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Bile produced in the liver is stored in the before entering the intestine.

A)gall- bladder
B)common bile duct
C)blood
D)pancreas

Question 5

The tongue does all of the following except

A)taste food.
B)push food into the pharynx.
C)secrete saliva.
D)shape food into a ball called a bolus.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding vitamins is true?

A)They must be ingested in large quantities.
B)They can serve as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes.
C)They are major sources of dietary calories.
D)They are simple inorganic compounds.

Question 7

Most animals are

A)substrate feeders.
B)suspension feeders.
C)fluid feeders.
D)bulk feeders.

Question 8

Which of the following is important in the digestion of lipids?

A)amylase
B)pepsin
C)trypsin
D)bile salts

Question 9

Organisms suffering from malnutrition may have a diet deficient in

A)one or more essential nutrients.
B)digestive enzymes.
C)bile and acids needed for digestion.
D)water.

Question 10

Which of the following is widely regarded as a healthy approach to losing weight?

A)substituting fatty acids for carbohydrates
B)gastric bypass surgery
C)regularly engaging in exercise in addition to monitoring food intake
D)trimming daily carbohydrates back to less than 20 grams per day

Question 11

Which of the following is a hormone produced by adipose cells that helps to control appetite?

A)glucagon
B)insulin
C)leptin
D)bile

Question 12

Epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase nutrient absorption.These projections are called

A)rugae.
B)cilia.
C)microvilli.
D)villi.

Question 13

Which of the following correctly lists the order of the parts of the human digestive system,from first to last contact with food matter?

A)pharynx,oral cavity,esophagus,stomach,large intestine
B)oral cavity,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small intestine,large intestine
C)oral cavity,esophagus,stomach,large intestine,small intestine
D)esophagus,pharynx,stomach,small intestine,large intestine

Question 14

To reduce the risk of cancer,it has been suggested that a diet high in is beneficial.

A)antioxidants
B)red meat
C)moldy foods
D)bacon

Question 15

Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease?

A)high levels of HDL
B)high consumption of trans fats
C)high consumption of dietary cholesterol
D)high levels of LDL

Question 16

The structure of the esophagus fits its function in that

A)it has smooth muscle for peristalsis.
B)it can direct food to the lungs or stomach.
C)it is regulated by contractions in the pharynx.
D)its length determines the volume of food an animal can ingest.

Question 17

When the wall of the stomach cannot protect the organ from the effects of digestion,the result is

A)nausea.
B)heartburn.
C)reverse peristalsis.
D)a gastric ulcer.

Question 18

Vegetarians who rely upon a single type of plant food

A)run the risk of depleting their liver of glycogen.
B)may become severely dehydrated.
C)are soon unable to produce sufficient quantities of bile.
D)may become protein- deficient.

Question 19

The mucous- producing cells that line the stomach

A)move food upward in the stomach to prolong digestion.
B)increase the surface of the stomach for faster digestion.
C)lubricate and protect the stomach lining.
D)stimulate production of hydrochloric acid.

Question 20

When taken by pregnant women,decreases the chance of neural tube defects in infants.

A)vitamin C
B)calcium
C)vitamin K
D)folic acid

Question 21

Digestion takes place in specialized compartments for all of the following reasons except that

A)the animal's body must be protected from its own digestive enzymes.
B)the environment of digestion must favor the action of digestive enzymes.
C)specialization of the sites of digestion promotes efficiency.
D)the environment of digestion must protect the food.

Question 22

Which of the following choices lists the organs of the bird digestive system in the correct order,from first to last contact with food material?

A)esophagus,crop,gizzard,stomach,intestine,anus
B)esophagus,stomach,gizzard,crop,intestine,anus
C)esophagus,crop,stomach,gizzard,intestine,anus
D)esophagus,gizzard,crop,stomach,intestine,anus

Question 23

Which of the following digestive system structures is greatly expanded in size in koalas,resulting in a very large surface area for prokaryotes to digest plant material?

A)gall bladder
B)rumen
C)cecum
D)stomach

Question 24

The main function of an earthworm's gizzard is to

A)grind food.
B)store food.
C)moisten food.
D)absorb nutrients.

Question 25

Altogether,the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day.About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed?

A)90%
B)50%
C)30%
D)75%

Question 26

Human saliva performs all of the following functions except

A)hydrolyzing proteins.
B)hydrolyzing starch.
C)controlling bacterial populations.
D)neutralizing food acids.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is false?

A)Cells usually use carbohydrates and fats as fuel sources.
B)Humans store some extra energy in the form of glycogen reserves in the pancreas and spleen.
C)The basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy an animal needs just to stay alive,and does not include the energy needed for activities.
D)The average basal metabolic rate for humans is 1300- 1800 kcal per day.

Question 28

In the digestive system,most nutrient absorption occurs in the

A)large intestine.
B)stomach.
C)pancreas.
D)small intestine.

Question 29

The stomach mixes food with secretions of the stomach wall to form

A)gastric juice.
B)gastrin.
C)a parietal bolus.
D)chyme.

Question 30

Nutrients absorbed by the intestines move directly to the liver,which

A)manages the amount of glucose that is converted to polysaccharides.
B)converts glucose to alcohol.
C)converts the nutrients into monomers.
D)converts excess glucose to glycogen.

Question 31

An animal digestive tract that consists of two openings (a mouth and anus)is called

A)an intestine.
B)a mammalian crop.
C)the alimentary canal.
D)an excretory system.

Question 32

A food label indicates that the contents of a product contain 12 grams of total carbohydrate per serving,7 grams of sugar per serving (simple carbohydrate),and 2 grams of fiber per serving.How many grams of digestible complex carbohydrate are there per serving?

A)2
B)5
C)12
D)3

Question 33

Which of these teeth is an incisor?

A)tooth A
B)tooth B
C)tooth C
D)tooth D

Question 34

Which of the following choices correctly pairs a mineral with one of its major functions in the body?

A)sodium = maintaining water balance in cells
B)iron = component of the nucleic acid backbone
C)phosphorus = maintaining water balance
D)calcium = used in amino acid metabolism

Question 35

An alimentary canal is best defined as

A)the compartment in which an animal temporarily stores its food.
B)an organ designed for regulation of food passage.
C)a digestive cavity in which food is churned and mixed.
D)a tube- shaped compartment for the transport,digestion,and absorption of food.

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding animals is false?

A)Animals that eat meat are called carnivores.
B)Animals that eat plants are called herbivores.
C)Animals that live in or on their food source and eat their way through it are called substrate feeders.
D)Animals that extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water are called fluid feeders.

Question 37

The essential amino acids

A)are required for making nucleic acids.
B)are found only in green,leafy vegetables.
C)are essential as an energy source.
D)must be obtained from the food we eat.

Question 38

What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?

A)to produce digestive enzymes and bile salts
B)to produce digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution
C)to aid in the control of cholesterol
D)to produce bicarbonate- containing mucus

Question 39

Which of the following nutrients is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?

A)protein
B)starch
C)polypeptide
D)fat

Question 40

What happens to nutrient macromolecules in an animal's digestive tract?

A)Nutrient macromolecules are digested into monomers before absorption.
B)They are absorbed whole and are broken down into monomers in cells that ultimately use them.
C)Proteins and nucleic acids are digested into monomers before absorption; energy- storage macromolecules (starch and fat)are absorbed whole.
D)The digestive breakdown of macromolecules is keyed to the body's need for monomers; only the monomers that are immediately needed are produced.

Question 41

Essential fatty acids,which are required in the human diet,are

A)the fatty acids used in the construction of the phospholipids of cell membranes.
B)the fatty acids that humans can synthesize from simpler molecules.
C)those fatty acids that humans are unable to synthesize.
D)stored in the gallbladder.

Question 42

Which of the following digestive enzymes is present in children but often absent in adults?

A)amylase
B)lipase
C)lactase
D)sucrase

Question 43

A material that must be ingested in preassembled form because the animal cannot synthesize it is

A)an end product.
B)an essential nutrient.
C)glucose.
D)adenosine triphosphate.

Question 44

According to this figure,which amino acid is found in corn but not in beans?

A)threonine
B)lysine
C)valine
D)methionine

Question 45

Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent the gastric juice from destroying the stomach lining?

A)secretion of acid- neutralizing compounds
B)generation through mitosis of new cells to replace the stomach lining
C)digestion of protein by pepsin
D)protection of the cells of the stomach- lining by a bone- like substance

Question 46

Which of the following statements regarding animal digestive systems is false?

A)Meat is more difficult to digest than vegetable matter because of its protein content.
B)We expect that an herbivore will have a longer alimentary canal than a carnivore of similar body size.
C)When cows chew their cud,it helps to soften and break down plant fibers,making these more accessible to digestion by microbes.
D)Many herbivorous animals have cellulose- digesting microbes in their colon and cecum.

Question 47

The main function of the hindgut in the grasshopper is to

A)absorb vitamins and pulverize the food.
B)digest food.
C)absorb nutrients.
D)absorb water and compact wastes.

Question 48

The function of the sphincter between the stomach and small intestine is to

A)release bile into the duodenum when chyme is present.
B)retain chyme in the stomach until pepsin digestion is complete.
C)release pancreatic secretions into the duodenum when chyme is present.
D)periodically release chyme into the small intestine in squirts.

Question 49

Which of the following organisms has a gastrovascular cavity?

A)hydra
B)earthworm
C)bird
D)clam

Question 50

If a person on a fad diet experiences muscle cramps and reduced appetite,a physician would suspect that this individual is likely suffering from a deficiency of

A)calcium.
B)table salt.
C)iodine.
D)iron.

Question 51

The secretory parietal cells of the stomach are responsible for producing

A)pepsin.
B)lactic acid.
C)mucus.
D)hydrochloric acid.

Question 52

Through digestion,polysaccharides are broken down into

A)glycerols.
B)amino acids.
C)monosaccharides.
D)fatty acids.

Question 53

Which of the following vitamins is fat- soluble and consequently,can be stored in body fat?

A)K
B)pantothenic acid
C)biotin
D)niacin

Question 54

Through digestion,nucleic acids are broken down into

A)glycerols.
B)amino acids.
C)fatty acids.
D)nucleotides.

Question 55

Regulation of the passage of food from the stomach is accomplished by

A)reverse peristalsis.
B)the stomach lining.
C)sphincters.
D)peristalsis.

Question 56

Lions are not always successful hunters,and may go days between meals.What evolutionary adaptation helps the lion survive periods of famine?

A)a rich microbial flora in the colon
B)an expandable stomach
C)formation of a two- chambered stomach
D)an extended cecum

Question 57

Smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by a process called

A)circular contractions.
B)active transport.
C)peristalsis.
D)diffusion.

Question 58

During which of the following stages of food processing is undigested material removed from the digestive tract?

A)absorption
B)ingestion
C)elimination
D)digestion

Question 59

The rate of energy consumption by the body is called

A)glycolysis.
B)metabolism.
C)digestion.
D)metabolic rate.

Question 60

Absorption of water is a major function of the

A)esophagus.
B)rectum.
C)colon.
D)appendix.

Question 61

The minimal amount of nutrients needed every day by healthy people to prevent nutrient deficiencies is called the

A)RMA,Recommended Minimal Allowances.
B)RDA,Recommended Dietary Allowances.
C)DNR,Daily Nutritional Requirements.
D)MDA,Minimal Daily Allowances.

Question 62

The epiglottis is a

A)muscle that moves the esophagus into line with the pharynx during swallowing.
B)muscle that moves the trachea out of line with the pharynx during swallowing.
C)muscle sphincter that closes off the entry to the trachea during swallowing.
D)flap of cartilage that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing.

Question 63

The Heimlich maneuver is performed to forcibly

A)compress the intestines.
B)depress the diaphragm.
C)elevate the diaphragm.
D)squeeze the ribs.

Question 64

Which enzyme breaks large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides?

A)lipase
B)lactase
C)chymotrypsin
D)amylase

Question 65

Which of the following diseases is associated with obesity?

A)rheumatoid arthritis
B)cardiovascular disease
C)chicken pox
D)multiple sclerosis

Question 66

Most gastric ulcers are caused by

A)bacteria.
B)excessive mental stress.
C)overconsumption of alcohol.
D)overuse of aspirin and/or ibuprofen.

Question 67

Heartburn is usually caused by the

A)irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food.
B)secretion of acid by the lining of the lower esophagus.
C)reflux of chyme from the stomach into the lower esophagus.
D)retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open.

Question 68

Which arrow shows the release of digestive enzymes by the pancreas?

A)arrow A
B)arrow B
C)arrow C
D)arrow D

Question 69

The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.What is the name given to the starch- digesting enzyme secreted by salivary glands?

A)pepsin
B)amylase
C)lipase
D)bile salts