Deck 7: Motivation: From Concept to Application

Question 1

Motivation is best defined as:

A)high performance directed towards the satisfaction of a goal
B)processes that account for an individual's intensity,direction,and persistence toward attaining a goal
C)being told to exert high levels of effort
D)efficient behaviour

Answer 1

B

Question 2

High intensity is unlikely to lead to favourable job-performance outcomes unless the effort is channelled in a direction that benefits the organisation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which one of the following statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is not true?

A)The need hierarchy concept has been well supported by research.
B)Physiological needs are the lowest level.
C)Social,esteem and self-actualisation are described as higher order needs.
D)The five levels of needs are arranged in hierarchical order.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

There are four key elements used to define motivation.

Question 5

Douglas McGregor proposed:

A)the Hierarchy of Needs Theory
B)the Two-Factor Theory
C)Theories X and Y
D)ERG Theory

Question 6

According to Maslow,when does a need stop motivating?

A)when it is substantially satisfied
B)it never stops motivating
C)when one chooses to move to a higher level need
D)when one returns to a lower level need

Question 7

Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?

A)esteem,self-actualisation
B)physiological,safety,social
C)social,esteem,self-actualisation
D)safety,social,esteem

Question 8

Motivation is a personality trait.

Question 9

The most well-known theory of motivation is Abraham Maslow's:

A)Two-factor Theory
B)Motivator-Hygiene Theory
C)Theories X and Y
D)Hierarchy of Needs

Question 10

Self-respect,autonomy,and achievement are examples of Maslow's:

A)esteem factors
B)physiological factors
C)social factors
D)none of the above

Question 11

Define motivation,clearly explaining the three components of motivation.

Question 12

Maslow's hierarchy of needs are arranged in which of the following orders?

A)physiological,esteem,safety,social,and self-actualisation
B)safety,physiological,esteem,social,and self-actualisation
C)physiological,safety,social,esteem,and self-actualisation
D)physiological,social,safety,esteem,and self-actualisation

Question 13

Which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's need for hunger,thirst,and sex?

A)social
B)physiological
C)esteem
D)safety

Question 14

A Theory X manager would view employees as:

A)viewing work as a normal daily activity
B)seeking responsibility
C)needing to be coerced to achieve goals
D)exercising self-control

Question 15

In the definition of motivation,which of the following is not one of the three key elements?

A)direction
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)drive

Question 16

The element of motivation,which measures how long a person can maintain effort is:

A)direction
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)drive

Question 17

The element of motivation,which describes how hard a person tried is:

A)direction
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)drive

Question 18

Growth and achieving one's potential are examples of Maslow's:

A)physiological factors
B)esteem factors
C)social factors
D)self-actualisation factors

Question 19

Leadership is the process that accounts for an individual's intensity,direction,and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Question 20

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory contains five levels of needs.Which of the following is not one of those levels?

A)self-actualisation needs
B)social needs
C)motivational needs
D)safety needs

Question 21

Which one of the following would Herzberg classify as a hygiene factor?

A)achievement
B)company policy
C)responsibility
D)growth

Question 22

McGregor himself held the view that Theory Y assumptions of human beings were more valid than those of Theory X.

Question 23

Higher-order needs are satisfied internally,whereas lower-order needs are predominantly satisfied externally.

Question 24

Theory Y assumptions relate to:

A)Maslow's lower level needs
B)Maslow's higher level needs
C)both levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D)neither level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 25

According to Maslow,a need that is essentially satisfied no longer motivates.

Question 26

Which of the following is an assumption of a Theory Y manager's view of employees?

A)workers exercise self-direction
B)workers dislike work
C)workers avoid responsibilities
D)workers seek formal direction

Question 27

Research actively validates Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 28

Theory Y assumes people are inherently lazy.

Question 29

The early theories of motivation are widely used by practitioners to explain employee motivation.

Question 30

A Theory Y manager would assume that employees:

A)avoid responsibility
B)seek responsibility
C)need to be controlled
D)dislike work

Question 31

Which one of the following would be considered a motivator in the two-factor theory?

A)recognition
B)supervision
C)working conditions
D)salary

Question 32

Who proposed a two-factor theory?

A)Alderfer
B)Herzberg
C)Maslow
D)McClelland

Question 33

Which of the following is a criticism of the two-factor theory?

A)Reliability is questionable.
B)No overall measure of satisfaction is utilised.
C)The research methodology does not examine productivity.
D)All of the above.

Question 34

Esteem is considered a lower order need.

Question 35

A Theory X manager would assume that employees:

A)like work
B)exercise self-direction
C)must be coerced to perform.
D)seek responsibility

Question 36

Which of the following is not true about the two-factor theory?

A)A job becomes satisfying when the dissatisfying characteristics are removed.
B)Intrinsic factors are motivators.
C)Working conditions are characterised as hygiene factors.
D)It has not been well supported in the literature.

Question 37

The two-factor theory is also referred to as the:

A)Hierarchy of Needs Theory
B)Motivator-tHygiene Theory
C)Theories X and Y
D)Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Theory

Question 38

Which one of the following statements best describes a manager who follows Theory X assumptions?

A)He imposes strict controls.
B)He allows employees to use discretion.
C)He lets employees choose their own goals.
D)He makes extensive use of delegating authority.

Question 39

Theory X assumptions hold a basically negative view of human beings.

Question 40

Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as ________ cause dissatisfaction.

A)advancement
B)working conditions
C)recognition
D)achievement

Question 41

Your personal evaluation of your ability to perform is termed:

A)self-efficacy
B)distributive justice
C)equity
D)goal setting

Question 42

In Bandura's self-efficacy theory,becoming more confident because you have been able to do the job in the past refers to:

A)enactive mastery
B)vicarious modelling
C)arousal
D)verbal persuasion

Question 43

________ proposed that intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of work motivation.

A)McClelland
B)Edwin Locke
C)Maslow
D)Herzberg

Question 44

It was Maslow who proposed a two-factor theory,suggesting that intrinsic job factors motivate,whereas extrinsic factors only maintain and placate employees.

Question 45

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 46

According to Herzberg,pay is a motivation factor.

Question 47

Self-determination theory states that motivation will decrease if intrinsic rewards are allocated for behaviour that had been previously extrinsically rewarding.

Question 48

All of the following are important issues relating to goal-setting theory with the exception of:

A)goal specificity
B)equity among co-workers
C)feedback
D)goal difficulty

Question 49

Self-determination theory is widely supported by studies.

Question 50

According to the goal-setting theory,the goals that result in a high level of individual performance are:

A)general easy goals that give the employee freedom
B)specific easy goals
C)no goals at all
D)specific hard goals

Question 51

Individuals high in ________ seem to respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation.

A)goal commitment
B)task difficulty
C)self-efficacy
D)none of the above

Question 52

The contemporary theories of motivation are generally more valid than the early theories of motivation.

Question 53

What assumptions are held by a Theory Y manager and how do these compare to the assumptions of a Theory X manager?

Question 54

Which of the following is inconsistent with goal-setting theory?

A)If employees participate in setting goals,chances for acceptance are increased.
B)Challenging goals or difficult goals can increase performance.
C)Goals that are certain to be accomplished increase motivation.
D)Specificity increases motivation.

Question 55

Hygiene factors generally lead to job satisfaction when present in a job.

Question 56

A goal of "do your best":

A)enables the employee to perform their best
B)is better than a hard goal
C)is better than an easy goal
D)is inappropriate goal-setting

Question 57

Which of the following is not in Bandura's self-efficacy theory?

A)enactive mastery
B)vicarious modelling
C)visual persuasion
D)self-concordance

Question 58

According to the goal-setting theory of motivation,goals should be:

A)easy
B)difficult but attainable
C)just a bit beyond his or her potential
D)extremely difficult

Question 59

According to Herzberg,some factors lead to satisfaction,but if you remove the factors you create dissatisfaction.

Question 60

According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory,how might a manager promote job satisfaction among employees?

Question 61

Although goal setting has positive outcomes,some goals may be too effective.

Question 62

Discuss goal-setting theory and its implications for managers.

Question 63

Managers who encourage employees to participate in goal setting increase acceptance of the goal.

Question 64

Operant conditioning theory argues that:

A)an individual's purposes direct his or her action
B)people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want
C)behaviour as environmentally caused
D)reinforcement conditions behaviour

Question 65

People are more motivated when setting goals that are easily reached.

Question 66

Self-generated feedback has been shown to be a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

Question 67

What is self-efficacy?

Question 68

Models are central to the social-learning viewpoint.Which of the following is not one of the four processes outlined in this theory?

A)attentional processes
B)motor reproduction processes
C)reinforcement processes
D)distributive processes

Question 69

According to goal-setting theory,a generalised goal will produce a higher level of output than a specific goal.

Question 70

Reinforcement theory views behaviour as:

A)environmentally caused
B)a function of one's power need
C)the inner state of the individual
D)a cognitive process

Question 71

According to the self-determination theory,when extrinsic rewards are given to someone for performing an interesting task,it causes intrinsic interest in the task itself to decline.

Question 72

Enactive mastery refers to gaining experience in a task.

Question 73

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Question 74

Goal-setting theory was proposed by Edwin Locke.

Question 75

The cognitive evaluation hypothesis is concerned with whether individuals perceive that rewards are distributed fairly.

Question 76

In the self-efficacy theory,verbal persuasion is defined as one becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.

Question 77

In goal-setting theory,goal commitment is less likely to occur if goals are made public.

Question 78

What are the four ways in which self-efficacy can be increased,and how do they work?

Question 79

Explain self-determination theory.

Question 80

The view that people can learn through observation and direct experience is known as:

A)reinforcement theory
B)operant conditioning
C)social-learning theory
D)behaviourism