Deck 7: Problems of Parenting

Question 1

When viewing infant faces that had been morphed together with their own face,_____ indicated ____________.

A)women;lower maternal certainty
B)women;interest in meeting the child's father
C)men;interest in meeting the child's mother
D)men;they would be least resentful paying child support to that child

Answer 1

men;they would be least resentful paying child support to that child

Question 2

Tinbergen experimented with nesting birds and found that their laborious efforts in removing broken eggshells from their nests functioned to __________.

A)make the nest less attractive to predators that might prey on their young chicks
B)keep the nest free of germs and disease that might fester on the broken shells
C)protect the young chicks from injury on the sharp edges of the broken shells
D)make the nest more comfortable for the parents to perch on for prolonged periods of time

Answer 2

make the nest less attractive to predators that might prey on their young chicks

Question 3

Flinn found that stepfathers' interactions with stepchildren were __________ and _________ than genetic fathers' interactions with their children.

A)less violent;less aggressive
B)more placid;less aggressive
C)less frequent;more aggressive
D)more frequent;more aggressive

Answer 3

less frequent;more aggressive

Question 4

A woman's successful promotion of a man's belief that he is the father of her offspring should _____ his willingness to invest in that child.

A)decrease
B)increase
C)detract from
D)mediate

Question 5

Evolved mechanisms of parental care should be sensitive to all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A)alternative uses of the resources available to invest in offspring
B)ability of the offspring to convert parental care into fitness
C)likelihood that offspring are full siblings
D)gGenetic relatedness of parent to offspring

Question 6

Anderson,Kaplan,and Lancaster found that genetic offspring were ___________ than stepchildren to receive parental funding for college.

A)2 times less likely
B)2 times more likely
C)5.5 times less likely
D)5.5 times more likely

Question 7

When the sex ratio is high ,men are ___________ their children than when there is a surplus of women.

A)less social towards
B)more investing in
C)less investing in
D)more social towards

Question 8

Men who are more attractive __________.

A)reduce their parental effort
B)increase their parental effort
C)reduce their mating effort
D)experience greater paternity uncertainty

Question 9

The _________ showed a particular bias for asserting a resemblance between the father and the baby.

A)father's kin
B)father's friends
C)mother's kin
D)mother's friends

Question 10

The mating opportunity cost hypothesis states that __________.

A)the costs associated with greater parental investment are greater for the physically larger sex
B)because males have uncertainty in their genetic relatedness to offspring,they should seek additional mating opportunities
C)the costs of missed reproductive opportunities as a result of investment in offspring are greater for females than for males
D)the costs of missed mating opportunities as a result of investment in offspring are greater for males than for females

Question 11

Paternity uncertainty implies __________.

A)that a male suspects that a child is not his own
B)that there is always some probability that another male has fertilized the female's egg(s)
C)the existence of female strategy to secure paternal investment from multiple males
D)the uncertainty of fathering offspring in the future

Question 12

Daly and Wilson found that mother's remarks about a baby's resemblance to the father were _______as frequent as her remarks about the baby's resemblance to her.

A)one-third
B)one-half
C)two times
D)four times

Question 13

The Israeli Kibbutz failed because __________.

A)men were overcome with jealousy over having to share their wives
B)women were jealous of their husbands' involvement with other women
C)women demanded to raise their own children
D)children demanded to be with their parents

Question 14

Paternity uncertainty makes it _________ for males,compared with females,to invest in offspring.

A)more profitable
B)more difficult
C)less profitable
D)less difficult

Question 15

Men who rate their wives high on trustworthiness tend to __________.

A)invest less in their children
B)invest more in their children
C)spend more time away from home
D)experience greater paternity uncertainty

Question 16

Which of the following sources of information is most relevant for men's assessments of their relatedness to offspring?

A)information about his sexual fidelity to his partner during the period that she conceived
B)the child's resemblance to siblings
C)information about a partner's sexual fidelity during the period that she conceived
D)the child's resemblance to the mother

Question 17

If Mexican free-tailed bats fed the infants for the good of the species,then they __________.

A)would not move their newly hatched chicks' broken egg shells
B)would not live in crèches of thousands or millions of bats
C)would feed their own young just as often as the offspring of their peers
D)would feed their own young at greater rates than their competitor's young

Question 18

Burch and Gallup found that men who rated their children as _____________inflicted _____________.

A)looking like them;more physical injuries on their partners
B)looking like them;more severe physical injuries on their partners
C)not looking like them;more severe physical injuries on their partners
D)not looking like them;fewer physical injuries on their partners

Question 19

fMRI studies have revealed that ______'s brains show increased activation of the brain regions linked to _____________ when viewing children's faces that resemble their own

A)men;inhibiting negative responses
B)men;reward centers
C)women;inhibiting negative responses
D)women;reward centers

Question 20

Daly and Wilson found that children living with one genetic parent and one stepparent were about ___ times more likely to be physically abused than children living with both genetic parents.

A)five
B)ten
C)twenty
D)forty

Question 21

Men __________ with a woman's child before they are married than after,suggesting that men channel investment toward the child in an effort to ___________.

A)interact more;attract the woman
B)interact less;reduce his fitness costs
C)interact more;win the child's affections
D)interact less;increase his fitness

Question 22

Production of human chorionic gonadotropin is an adaptation in fetuses designed to __________.

A)extract higher levels of nutrition from the mother
B)cause preeclampsia in the mother
C)both (a)and (b)
D)neither (a)nor (b)

Question 23

Which hypothesis predicts that women will be better than men at decoding all facial expressions of emotion?

A)fitness threat hypothesis
B)attachment promotion hypothesis
C)tend-and-befriend hypothesis
D)alloparenting hypothesis

Question 24

Daly and Wilson identified two factors in parental investment which include whether the child is born with an abnormality and the child's __________.

A)age
B)sex
C)birth order
D)beauty

Question 25

Parent-offspring conflict predicts that __________.

A)selection will favor adaptations in parents to manipulate children to accept greater levels of investment than they are willing to accept
B)selection will favor adaptations in children to manipulate parents toward children's optimum level of investment
C)parents will wean children later than children prefer
D)parents will encourage competition between siblings as a means of sizing up where the parents' investment is best allocated

Question 26

Under ___________ parents should invest more in an ill child than in a healthy child,because ____________.

A)some conditions;the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
B)all conditions;the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
C)most conditions;the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
D)some conditions;the same unit of investment does not benefit the ill child more than the healthy child

Question 27

Parent-offspring conflict theory identified the important arena of __________.

A)genetic conflicts between parent and child only when siblings are present
B)the greater importance of conflicts between parent and child in early childhood
C)conflict between parents and child due to their sharing fewer genes with each other than they do with themselves
D)parental benefits of conflicts between siblings

Question 28

The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that __________.

A)in polyandrous mating systems,parents will bias investment toward daughters in better conditions
B)parents will invest more in sons when the parents are in good condition
C)in polyandrous mating systems,parents will bias investment toward sons in poor conditions
D)parents will invest more in sons when the parents are in poor conditions

Question 29

Parent-offspring conflict theory was proposed by __________.

A)Hamilton
B)Daly
C)Haig
D)Trivers

Question 30

Which hypothesis states that women possess adaptations which allow them to protect children from danger as well as maintain social ties that can provide protection?

A)fitness threat hypothesis
B)attachment promotion hypothesis
C)tend-and-befriend hypothesis
D)alloparenting hypothesis

Question 31

Which of the following is true of how parents feel about their children based on their facial similarity?

A)Mothers and fathers feel equally emotionally close to all their children,regardless of resemblance.
B)The more offspring resemble them,the more mothers and fathers feel emotionally close to them.
C)Mothers feel more emotionally close to offspring who resemble them while fathers feel equally close to all their offspring regardless of resemblance.
D)Fathers feel more emotionally close to offspring who resemble them while mothers feel equally close to all their offspring regardless of resemblance.

Question 32

The risk of being murdered by a genetic parent or stepparent ____________ with the age of the child.

A)increases slightly
B)does not change
C)decreases
D)increases

Question 33

___________ women are more likely than ___________ to commit infanticide.

A)Older;younger
B)Younger;older
C)Married;single
D)Married;younger

Question 34

In a study of adolescents,researchers found that suicide attempts __________.

A)may be strategies for extracting investment from parents
B)occur among adolescents with the highest mate value to extract extra investment from their mates
C)may be used as a means for adolescents to leave a romantic relationship without hard feelings
D)represent ways in which an adolescent can exert control over his or her body

Question 35

In one twin study,by eight months after giving birth,every single mother had directed more positive maternal behavior toward __________.

A)the first-born twin
B)the last-born twin
C)the twin with more health problems
D)the healthier twin

Question 36

The primary caretaker hypothesis states that __________.

A)whichever parent engages in most of the caretaking will also be the one more likely to engage in extra-pair mating
B)women's psychological mechanisms for caretaking remain dormant until the birth of their first child
C)men have adaptations that increase the chances of their children's survival
D)women have adaptations that increase the chances of their children's survival

Question 37

As parents age,parents _____________ to children precisely when the children___________ to the parents.

A)are less and less valuable;are more and more valuable
B)are more important;are less important
C)are more and more valuable;are less and less valuable
D)are less important;are less important

Question 38

Aka men of higher status devote___________ effort holding their infants than do men of lower status.

A)more than double the
B)more than five times the
C)less than half of the
D)five times less

Question 39

When viewing pictures of babies,_________________;when viewing pictures of babies with their mothers,_____________________.

A)women's eyes dilated less than men's;women's eyes dilated less than men's
B)women's eyes dilated more than men's;women's eyes dilated more than men's
C)women's eyes dilated less than men's;women's eyes dilated more than men's
D)women's eyes dilated more than men's;women's eyes dilated less than men's

Question 40

Aka fathers hold their children more than fathers in any other culture,but __________.

A)they have the highest rates of paternity certainty
B)they have the highest rates of paternity uncertainty
C)they hold their children significantly less than Aka mothers
D)fathers resent their time spent holding because they claim that they would rather be hunting

Question 41

Parents and offspring differ in the relative importance of certain mate traits.Parent-offspring conflict theory predicts that this occurs because __________.

A)parents and offspring do not share 100 percent of their genes
B)parents have more experience than offspring with mate choice
C)children have evolved to always conflict with their parents until reaching adulthood
D)parents desire grand-offspring,but the offspring are not as motivated to reproduce

Question 42

Young women tend to pursue more of a short-term mating strategy than their parents report preferring for their daughters.According to an evolutionary perspective,why do parents and daughters disagree about this?

A)Parents do not obtain the same degree of benefit from the "good genes" daughters can obtain through short-term mating.
B)Parents are more interested in preserving family reputation.
C)Young women can obtain certain benefits from short-term mating that do not equally benefit their parents,such as resources.
D)all of the above

Question 43

According to parent-offspring conflict theory,which of the following conditions should produce the highest level of conflict between a mother and her child?

A)presence of a younger sibling
B)presence of a younger half-sibling
C)presence of a stepfather
D)father is of lower socioeconomic status

Question 44

Offspring tend to prefer ____________ in their mates more than parents who prefer ____________ more than offspring in the offspring's mate.

A)exciting personality;physical attractiveness
B)good family background;religiosity
C)physical attractiveness;good family background
D)religiosity;exciting personality

Question 45

Perilloux and colleagues examined the phenomenon of daughter guarding from an evolutionary perspective.Their results indicated that __________.

A)parents guard sons and daughters equally in social and mating contexts but guard daughters more from physical injury
B)parents guard sons and daughters equally against physical injury but guard daughters more in social and mating contexts
C)parents allow daughters to physically aggress against their brothers,but will not allow sons to physically aggress against their sisters
D)parents report more fear of their daughters than their sons

Question 46

Which of the following supports the hypothesis that men's mating and parenting efforts are traded off against one another?

A)Men's self-perceived mate value is positively correlated with flirting behavior and negatively correlated with attention paid to offspring.
B)Women prefer,as long-term mates,men who are more paternal.
C)Men who are married with children report lower energy levels than single men.
D)Children feel more emotionally close to men who are lower in mate value.