Deck 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Depression during adolescence _________

A) is much rarer than during childhood.
B) has little effect on adult functioning.
C) can affect a person into young adulthood.
D) is decreasing in prevalence.

Answer 1

can affect a person into young adulthood.

Question 2

How does persistent depressive disorder compare to major depressive disorder?

A) Symptoms are much more severe than in major depressive disorder.
B) Symptoms change from day to day, with lots of days with normal functioning in between dysthymic episodes.
C) There are many more symptoms required to meet persistent depressive disorder than to meet major depressive disorder.
D) Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.

Answer 2

Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.

Question 3

Sean describes himself as having hardly ever being happy. He occasionally feels okay, but it never lasts more than a day or so. He has trouble sleeping, doesn't eat much, and feels like nothing will ever change in his life. He says this has been going on for as long as he can remember. The best diagnosis for Sean is _________

A) cyclothymia.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) bipolar II.

Answer 3

persistent depressive disorder.

Question 4

In order to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, a person must have _________

A) a depressed mood or loss of pleasure most of the day for at least two weeks.
B) significant weight loss.
C) intense irritability.
D) insomnia.

Question 5

A hypomanic episode is best described as a _________

A) mild manic episode.
B) short manic episode.
C) manic episode characterized by inactivity.
D) manic episode followed by symptoms of a mild depression.

Question 6

In which of the following disorders must symptoms be present for at least two years in order for a diagnosis to be made?

A) Persistent depressive disorder
B) Bipolar I disorder
C) Major depressive disorder
D) Bipolar II disorder

Question 7

Herbert awakens early in the morning and feels more depressed in the morning than the evening. He has lost all interest in activities and derives no pleasure from things that used to please him. Herbert is diagnosed with MDD with _________ features.

A) psychotic
B) melancholic
C) atypical
D) catatonic

Question 8

Brittany came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn't enjoy life lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she finds she just doesn't feel like doing the things that she used to love to do. She has also lost a lot of weight and sleeps much more than usual but still feels tired all the time. She says she just can't concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Brittany's most likely diagnosis is _________

A) dysthymic disorder.
B) bipolar II disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) no disorder.

Question 9

Two months after her husband's death, Connie was still not herself. She often forgot to feed the dog, was late for work on a regular basis, and had not yet taken his clothes out of the closet. Which of the following diagnoses could apply to Connie according to the DSM-5?

A) Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
B) Persistent depressive disorder
C) Postpartum depression
D) Major depressive disorder

Question 10

Which of the following is true of major depressive episode?

A) It does not begin until adolescence.
B) It is equally common in men and women.
C) It occurs five times as often in elderly people as in middle-aged adults.
D) It is the most prevalent mood episode.

Question 11

What do all mood disorders have in common?

A) The presence of a negative mood state.
B) They are at least 6 months in duration.
C) The presence of irrational thoughts.
D) They are characterized by emotional extremes.

Question 12

Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder?

A) Checking and rechecking things
B) Appetite and weight loss
C) Running thoughts
D) Impulsive spending

Question 13

"Postpartum blues" are _________

A) a serious disorder.
B) common, usually brief, and not a disorder.
C) a subtype of Major Depressive Disorder.
D) serious, brief, and a type of unipolar depression.

Question 14

Depression _________

A) can occur even in very young children.
B) is extremely rare in childhood.
C) cannot occur in childhood.
D) can occur in childhood in females but not in males.

Question 15

One criteria for diagnosing major depressive disorder is that _________

A) the episode can be associated with the side effects of certain medications.
B) there has never been a manic or hypomanic episode.
C) it lasts less than two weeks.
D) schizophrenia is diagnosed as a comorbid condition.

Question 16

A person who shows psychotic depression that involves mood-congruent thinking _________

A) is diagnosed as having "double depression."
B) usually responds rapidly to anti-depressant medications.
C) rarely shows the symptoms of melancholia.
D) has a poorer prognosis than others with major depression.

Question 17

George, a 22-year-old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head. For the past three weeks, he has had problems sleeping and he has little appetite or enjoyment of food. While he may sometimes seem to be relatively content for short periods of time, this happens very rarely and it never lasts for more than a week. If George were to seek help for his negative mood state, which of the following diagnoses would he most likely receive?

A) Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
B) Chronic adjustment disorder with depressed mood
C) Bipolar II
D) Major depressive disorder

Question 18

What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders?

A) Anger and depression
B) Sadness and anxiety
C) Mania and depression
D) Anger and mania

Question 19

What is the most important characteristic used to distinguish persistent depressive disorder from major depression?

A) The length of time the person has had the symptoms
B) How severe the symptoms are
C) Whether there are occasional brief periods of normal moods during the disorder
D) The types of symptoms the person has

Question 20

The main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is _________

A) whether the person also experiences depression.
B) the number of symptoms the person has.
C) whether the person has irritable mood.
D) the amount of social and occupational impairment.

Question 21

The finding that people with one type of serotonin transporter gene and childhood maltreatment had higher rates of depression than either those without the gene or those with the gene without the maltreatment suggests that ________

A) childhood maltreatment causes depression.
B) only one type of gene causes depression.
C) the diathesis-stress model is unlikely.
D) the diathesis-stress model is likely.

Question 22

A recurrent depressive episode _________

A) is preceded by one or more previous episodes.
B) suggests that chronic major depression has developed.
C) typically lasts two to three weeks.
D) is characteristic of all forms of bipolar disorder.

Question 23

Deena has major depressive disorder. Most days she feels very sad, but when her sister came and told Deena she was going to be an aunt, Deena felt happy for a little while. She has been gaining weight and sleeping much of the day. Deena most likely has _________

A) melancholic features.
B) double depression.
C) atypical features.
D) psychotic features.

Question 24

Drugs that alter the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin are not clinically effective in the treatment of depression for several weeks. Which of the following does this finding suggest?

A) These neurotransmitters are not involved in depression.
B) It is overactivity of these neurotransmitters that underlies depression, not underactivity.
C) That the effectiveness of antidepressants is a placebo effect, as opposed to a result of a biochemical manipulation.
D) Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level, cause depression.

Question 25

Which of the following is most likely to be seen in children who are at risk for depression?

A) Decreased left hemisphere activity
B) Decreased right hemisphere activity
C) Increased serotonin levels
D) Increased GABA levels

Question 26

Kerry suffers from depression. He is experiencing delusions that his brain is deteriorating and that he is aging quickly. These delusions _________

A) clearly suggest a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
B) are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood congruent.
C) suggest that he is suffering from a bipolar rather than a unipolar disorder.
D) are most likely to persist after the depression remits.

Question 27

Which of the following is a true statement about the recurrence of depressive symptoms?

A) If a recurrence is not experienced within one year after an initial depressive episode, recurrence is highly unlikely.
B) Almost half of all individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.
C) Those with depression with psychotic features are less likely to experience a recurrence.
D) Clients are usually asymptomatic between depressive episodes.

Question 28

Over the past two years, Kelly has experienced depressive episodes three different times. Two of the three episodes occurred in the winter and the third occurred last fall. It is now winter and Kelly's depressive symptoms once again are consistent with major depressive disorder. Which of the following diagnoses should she be given?

A) Dysthymic disorder
B) Chronic major depressive disorder
C) Recurrent major depressive disorder
D) Recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern

Question 29

Which of the following is true about the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

A) Alternative theories have replaced this theory.
B) It has not been replaced by a compelling alternative.
C) This theory remains the standard of current and accurate information.
D) This theory has been continuously updated to meet current research.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is supported by research on the role of genetic influences in unipolar disorder?

A) The more severe the depressive disorder, the greater the genetic contribution.
B) Twin studies do not consistently find evidence of an inherited susceptibility to depression.
C) Genes play a more significant causal role in bipolar disorders than they do in unipolar disorders.
D) Bipolar and unipolar disorders are equally heritable.

Question 31

A rapid return of symptoms immediately after drug treatment is terminated is a common example of ________; a return to depressive symptoms after a period of spontaneous remission of symptoms is called a ________.

A) melancholia; recurrence
B) recurrence; relapse
C) relapse; recurrence
D) mood-congruent depression; mood-incongruent depression

Question 32

Seasonal affective disorder is best described as a ________ depressive disorder.

A) mood-congruent
B) minor
C) psychotic
D) recurrent

Question 33

The fact that bright light may be an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder suggests that ________

A) this is a not a real form of depression as any response to light is merely a placebo effect.
B) this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that needs resetting.
C) changes in circadian rhythms underlie most forms of depression.
D) seasonal affective disorder is a unique entity that should not be categorized with other forms of unipolar depression.

Question 34

Sam has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. He tells you that he is certain the world will end next Tuesday because everyone in it is so wicked. He refuses to consider that he might be wrong. Sam has _________

A) mood congruent delusions.
B) mood incongruent delusions.
C) atypical features.
D) melancholic features.

Question 35

Individuals who do not show a decrease in cortisol levels in response to an injection of dexamethasone ________

A) have a severe form of depression.
B) are likely to be suffering from both major depression and a personality disorder.
C) will not respond well to pharmacological treatment.
D) have an HPA axis that is not functioning normally.

Question 36

Many people who are depressed ________

A) show very little REM sleep, instead they spend large amounts of time in the deeper stages (3 and 4) of sleep.
B) do not enter REM sleep until much later in the night than normal and have smaller amounts of REM sleep throughout the night than normal.
C) enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep early in the night.
D) enter REM sleep at a normal time, but have very slow and mild rapid eye movements and have less overall time in REM sleep than normal.

Question 37

The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is _________

A) six to nine months.
B) one year.
C) two years.
D) unknown as individuals not seeking treatment haven't been studied.

Question 38

Margaret has been suffering with persistent depressive disorder for several years and has sought treatment on several occasions. About one month ago, she developed more severe symptoms of depression, which have been maintained almost daily. The condition she is experiencing is best described as _________

A) double depression.
B) chronic melancholia.
C) adjustment disorder with bipolar features.
D) recurring melancholic depression.

Question 39

What is meant by the phrase "double depression"?

A) Symptoms are consistent with two different subtypes of major depression.
B) The individual has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and a mood disorder.
C) Symptoms of both typical and atypical depression are exhibited.
D) An individual with persistent depressive disorder later develops major depressive disorder as well.

Question 40

Which of the following is a brain area that has been found to exhibit abnormalities in depressed patients?

A) Amygdala
B) Basal ganglia
C) Posterior cingulate cortex
D) Medulla oblongata

Question 41

Jacob and Matt both flunk their math test. Jacob says to his friends that there is no point in his continuing in the course because, although Jacob feels highly about himself, he suspects that the teacher just doesn't like him. Matt says he is going to drop the course because he is just stupid in math. According to the reformulated learned helplessness theory, ________

A) Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.
B) Matt is more likely to feel helpless than Jacob.
C) Jacob is more likely to become depressed than Matt.
D) Jacob is more likely to feel helpless than Matt.

Question 42

Independent life events are those that ________

A) only affect one area of a client's functioning.
B) are out of the client's control.
C) are linked causally to the behavior or personality of the client.
D) affect the client and not those around him or her.

Question 43

According to Freud, depression ________

A) and grief are the same thing.
B) must be treated with introjection.
C) is a consequence of loss.
D) reflects fixation in the anal stage.

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive diathesis for depression?

A) Neuroticism
B) Optimism
C) Attributing negative events to internal causes
D) Attributing negative events to external causes

Question 45

Christine just found out that she did poorly on a test. Which of the following reactions would suggest a cognitive diathesis for depression?

A) I'll do better next time.
B) I'll never understand this.
C) Why didn't I study more?
D) That test was way too hard.

Question 46

According to research, ________ is the primary personality variable that makes a person vulnerable to depression and anxiety disorders.

A) psychosis
B) neuroticism
C) introversion
D) extroversion

Question 47

Beck's negative cognitive triad involves feeling negatively about ________

A) helplessness, hopelessness, and sorrow.
B) one's self, one's experiences, and one's future.
C) one's past, one's present, and one's future.
D) one's family, one's self, and one's friends.

Question 48

A review of several studies found that ________ increased the likelihood of developing a more severe depression.

A) experiencing a stressful life event
B) being in an intimate relationship
C) working outside of the home
D) having religious faith

Question 49

Which of the following is true?

A) Most first-time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life event.
B) Both first-time and recurrent episodes of depression are usually preceded by a very stressful life event.
C) Even mildly stressful events are associated with the onset of episodes of depression.
D) Mildly stressful events are only associated with the onset of first-time depression, not with recurrent episodes.

Question 50

Selective abstraction is ________

A) a tendency to think in extremes.
B) a tendency to jump to conclusions based on little or no evidence.
C) part of Beck's cognitive triad.
D) a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects.

Question 51

If Jamal is having a thought that could be an example of arbitrary inference. Which of the following would fit that description?

A) Life is so unfair.
B) If she won't go out with me, I'll die.
C) She looked at me funny. She hates me.
D) Why should I even try? She'll definitely reject me.

Question 52

No matter what prisoners try to do, they cannot escape. Eventually, they become passive and depressed. This illustrates the central idea in the ________ theory of depression.

A) attribution
B) depressogenic schema
C) learned helplessness
D) behavioral

Question 53

John's erratic behavior finally ruined his marriage. What kind of life event would this be described as?

A) Acute
B) Chronic
C) Dependent
D) Independent

Question 54

A therapist with a(n) ________ orientation would emphasize the depressed person's need to improve his or her social skills.

A) interpersonal
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural

Question 55

While there is much support for some elements of Beck's cognitive theory, ________

A) treatments based on his view of depression are not effective.
B) findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.
C) it does not account for the known biological aspects of depression.
D) is does not account for sex differences in depression.

Question 56

Freud suggested that depression ________

A) was actually a healthy adaptation to stress.
B) was a result of overly high self-esteem.
C) involved the anal stage of development.
D) was anger turned inward.

Question 57

Depressogenic schemas ________

A) are inherited.
B) predispose a person to develop depression.
C) serve a protective function and are readily modified by positive life experiences.
D) ensure that a low rate of reinforcement will be experienced.

Question 58

Debbie receives her paper back from her instructor. It is marked with an A grade and has several positive comments. The instructor also suggested Debbie reword one small section. Debbie becomes extremely upset and tells her friends her instructor hated the paper and wants her to redo it. This is an example of ________

A) selective abstraction.
B) dichotomous thinking.
C) arbitrary inference.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 59

Which of the following is a behavioral explanation for depression?

A) Lack of environmental reinforcers
B) Insecure attachment
C) Pessimistic tendencies
D) Reliance on depressogenic schemas

Question 60

Joanne tends to blow up at people and then feel guilty. She worries a lot. She complains that she just doesn't really find anything exciting and life is boring. Joanne ________

A) shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high risk of developing depression.
B) shows evidence of neuroticism and has a moderate risk of developing depression.
C) shows evidence of introversion, and has a mild risk of developing depression.
D) shows no evidence of any kind that would increase her risk for developing depression.

Question 61

Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of cyclothymia?

A) The occurrence of two or more episodes of major depression
B) Unremitting symptoms for a period of at least two years
C) Clinically significant distress or impairment
D) The occurrence of at least one episode of anxiety

Question 62

Carleen comes to therapy because she is feeling sad. Carleen says she has often had periods of extreme sadness in the past and they typically last between 6 and 8 months. During those times she overeats, has trouble sleeping, feels exhausted all the time, and thinks a lot about dying. At other times, however, Carleen says she feels wonderful. During those times, which last about a week, she gets a lot done, feels as if she could do anything, talks a lot and quickly, and doesn't sleep but doesn't feel tired. Carleen says her "up" times are great and have never caused her any trouble. Carleen's most likely diagnosis is ________

A) major depressive disorder.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) bipolar I.
D) bipolar II.

Question 63

Childhood depression ________

A) has been clearly linked to genetic factors.
B) is more likely in children with a depressed parent.
C) has not been associated with parental depression.
D) can usually be causally related to marital discord.

Question 64

Katy may develop depression if she continues to make attributions like which of the following?

A) I am never going to make it through this course because it is too early in the morning and I'm having trouble getting up.
B) I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just can't learn the material.
C) I am never going to make it through this course because the professor is unfair.
D) I am never going to make it through this course because I just don't feel like studying lately.

Question 65

Lori has periods of dejection and apathy that are not as severe as are seen in major depression. She also has periods when she abruptly becomes elated and has little need for sleep. Her symptoms never reach the level of psychosis, but the mood swings have been recurrent for over four years. The best diagnosis for Lori is ________

A) schizoaffective disorder.
B) bipolar I disorder.
C) recurrent persistent depressive disorder.
D) cyclothymia.

Question 66

When a nondepressed student lives with a depressed roommate, which of the following often results?

A) Frequent verbal fights, which may even become physical
B) Increased rejection and hostility in the roommate who was not originally depressed
C) A decrease in depression in the depressed roommate
D) Increased caretaking by the nondepressed roommate, but only after the nondepressed roommate becomes depressed

Question 67

Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?

A) The occurrence of two or more episodes of major depression
B) Unremitting symptoms for a period of at least two years
C) Symptoms of psychosis
D) The occurrence of at least one manic episode

Question 68

The presence of which of the following is a major risk factor for panic disorder, depression, and other anxiety disorders?

A) Neuroticism
B) Positive affect
C) Helplessness
D) Rumination

Question 69

Angela has had several periods of extremely "up" moods. They last for a couple of weeks and she has gotten into trouble several times. During those times she doesn't sleep, spends way too much money, gets involved in bad business decisions, talks quickly and thinks even more quickly, and believes she can do anything. The best diagnosis for Angela is ________

A) manic disorder.
B) bipolar II disorder.
C) bipolar I disorder.
D) cyclothymic disorder.

Question 70

Which of the following is a true statement about rapid cycling in bipolar disorders?

A) It is seen in men more than women.
B) It occurs in only those with bipolar II disorder.
C) Lithium may trigger a cycling episode.
D) It is seen in 5 to 10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.

Question 71

A relationship between depression and marital dissatisfaction ________

A) has yet to be established.
B) only exists due to the submissive behavior of depressed wives.
C) is only seen when depression leads to substance abuse.
D) is well-established.

Question 72

Which statement best describes the relationship between mood disorders and domestic distress?

A) Critical comments trigger negative affect in the spouse.
B) Women who are depressed avoid their partners.
C) Whenever there is a problem, it is caused by a man who, in a manic episode, is unaware of the nature of his behavior or even who he is attacking.
D) Men become violent as a way of protecting themselves when their wives, who suffer from depressive episodes, become impulsively aggressive.

Question 73

Although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar," ________

A) a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis.
B) few patients show both manic and depressed symptoms.
C) both depressed and manic symptoms typically occur simultaneously.
D) a year or two commonly passes between manic and depressed episodes.

Question 74

Bipolar disorder is to major depression as ________ is to ________.

A) persistent depressive disorder; cyclothymia
B) cyclothymia; persistent depressive disorder
C) mania; hypomania
D) hypomania; mania

Question 75

Which statement about bipolar I disorder is accurate?

A) The depressive phase is more likely to involve psychotic features than in major depressive disorder.
B) The onset of bipolar symptoms are never associated with seasons of the year as they are in unipolar depression.
C) Single episodes of the disorder are extremely rare.
D) Manic and depressive phases are always separated by lengthy intervals of normal mood.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about rumination is true, according to the ruminative response styles theory?

A) Rumination is a protective factor against depression.
B) People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of depressive symptoms.
C) Gender differences in depression are explained by ruminative styles.
D) Biological factors have been most clearly linked to the development of rumination in those who do not have a family history of mood disorders.

Question 77

Which of the following would eliminate a potential diagnosis of cyclothymia?

A) Gil had been showing both hypomanic and depressed symptoms for over three years.
B) Carol was absolutely convinced that her mother wanted to kill her, although there was no evidence for this.
C) Bob's most recent hypomanic episode lasted 3 days.
D) Between her more recent episodes, Carla functioned quite well for 3 weeks.

Question 78

Abramson revised the learned helplessness theory to suggest that ________

A) the worldview dimension of attributions is the most important to depression.
B) hopelessness is needed to produce depression, helplessness is not important.
C) the number of negative life events someone experiences is more important than his or her attributions for those events.
D) the pessimistic attributional style people have about negative events produces depression.

Question 79

A diagnosis of bipolar I disorder indicates that the person has met DSM-5 criteria for ________

A) an episode of mania.
B) an episode of mania or major depression.
C) an episode of hypomania and a major depression.
D) an episode of mania and psychosis.

Question 80

A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder indicates that the person has experienced ________

A) an episode of mania.
B) an episode of mania or major depression.
C) an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.
D) an episode of mania and an episode of major depression.