Deck 4: Perceptions and Attributions

Question 1

Schemas typically inhibit management sense making of information.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Attributions made regarding why events took place have important implications for dealing with the problem.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Distinctiveness is the degree to which a person behaves similarly in different situations.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Research has found that attractive women in management receive higher performance reviews and pay raises than do attractive women in non-managerial positions.

Question 5

A manager who is a perfectionist tends to look for perfection in subordinates.

Question 6

The Golem effect starts with an expectation of negative performance.

Question 7

The stimuli that a person focuses on is based on what he or she chooses to pay attention to at a particular moment.

Question 8

According to attribution theory, it is the event itself, not the perceived cause of the event, that influences a person's behavior.

Question 9

A manager has a responsibility to manage within a framework that permits perceptual differences to be voiced without fear or impatience.

Question 10

Subordinates recognize rewards for good performance just as frequently as supervisors feel they offer them.

Question 11

Different individuals will perceive the same thing in different ways, because each gives his or her own meaning to stimuli.

Question 12

Consistency is the degree to which a person behaves similarly in different situations.

Question 13

The United States is exporting low-skill, low-paying jobs and importing high-skill, high-paying jobs.

Question 14

At times, prejudice can be traced to direct experiences with members of the rejected group.

Question 15

Stereotyping and prejudice are equivalent terms.

Question 16

In order to influence employee behavior, the manager must understand the attributions employees make.

Question 17

Stereotypes are frequently based on little or inaccurate information.

Question 18

Stereotyping is never productive.

Question 19

If interviewers rate candidates who are similar in appearance, background, and interests higher than candidates who are dissimilar, they are making a "self-promotion" perception error.

Question 20

Managers perceiving the behavior and individual differences of employees are often influenced by their own traits.

Question 21

Organizations that interact heavily with the public always engage in impression management.

Question 22

A self-fulfilling prophecy that causes a person to behave in a positive manner to meet expectations is called the ________ effect.

A) slingshot
B) cascade
C) Golem
D) Pygmalion

Question 23

Employees may attempt to create a bad impression as an expression of power.

Question 24

The law of __________ reflects the tendency to complete a figure, so that it has a consistent overall form.

A) nearness
B) similarity
C) closure
D) figure and ground

Question 25

Individuals make sense of environmental stimuli through _________.

A) stimulus, observation, selection, translation and response
B) selection, translation, observation and response
C) observation, selection and translation
D) stimulus, translation and response

Question 26

According to the law of __________, all other things being equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together.

A) nearness
B) similarity
C) closure
D) figure and ground

Question 27

How one person views _______________ is often quite different than someone else's perceptions.

A) the environment
B) trends
C) people
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

When one is using the IM tactic of ingratiation they seek to be viewed positively by flattering others or offering to do favors for them.

Question 29

Which of the following represent the correct sequence of the Perception Process?

A) Stimuli, observation, selection, translation, response
B) Stimuli, selection, translation, observation, response
C) Stimuli, observation, translation, selection, response
D) Stimuli, translation, response

Question 30

The _____ phase of the perceptual process immediately precedes the translation step.

A) observation
B) selection
C) translation
D) response

Question 31

Researchers have found that negative expectations of success can lead to poor performance. This is known as the _______________ effect.

A) slingshot
B) cascade
C) Golem
D) halo

Question 32

Hiring managers can help limit issues such as the "halo effect" by using unstructured interviews.

Question 33

_______________ has the lowest long-term unemployment rate among industrialized nations.

A) Germany
B) Italy
C) The United States
D) Japan

Question 34

The law of _______________ states that all other things being equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together.

A) closure
B) nearness
C) similarity
D) figure and ground

Question 35

Stereotyping occurs in the ______ phase of the perception process.

A) observation
B) selection
C) translation
D) response

Question 36

The greatest weakness of China is its _______________.

A) high rate of inflation
B) lack of medical care
C) ever-growing population
D) small proportion of educated people

Question 37

According to the law of __________, stimuli that are similar in size, color, shape, or form tend to be grouped together.

A) nearness
B) similarity
C) closure
D) figure and ground

Question 38

A self-fulfilling prophecy that causes a person to behave in a negative manner to meet expectations is called the ________ effect.

A) pattern
B) ghoul
C) Golem
D) Pygmalion

Question 39

The law of __________ reflects the tendency to group sensations into figures and backgrounds.

A) nearness
B) similarity
C) closure
D) figure and ground

Question 40

Attributions made by management frequently different than those made by employees.

Question 41

Attribution theory attempts to explain the __________ of behavior.

A) who
B) what
C) where
D) why

Question 42

Coach Smith is told one of his new players is a gifted athlete. The coach immediately focuses on that player and spends additional time helping him develop his skills. As the coach expected, the player turned out to be an excellent addition to the team. This example shows the __________ effect.

A) Pygmalion
B) Golem
C) closure
D) projection

Question 43

Mike discovers in the interview process that he and Rob, although years apart, went to the same school, were the same major and even played the same position on the school's polo team. Mike "knows" that these activities have made him the successful manager he is today and hires Rob on the spot. The hiring of Rob is an example of ___________.

A) Golem error B similar-to-me error
C) self-serving bias
D) the halo effect

Question 44

Some managers may perceive that an older employee doesn't have enough energy to travel around the world overseeing various projects. This is an example of how a _____________ schema may influence decision making.

A) person-based
B) role-based
C) self-based
D) events-based

Question 45

The behavior of others can be examined on the basis of its distinctiveness, consistency, and _______________.

A) consensus
B) intensity
C) frequency
D) validity

Question 46

Jack is completing Mike's annual performance evaluation. Mike always is in the office first and has the coffee ready for Jack when he comes in. Jack smiles thinking what a great employee Mike is for going to the extra effort and getting in early. With little thought, Jack ranks Mike high on all performance categories. Jack's rankings may have been impacted by the _______ effect.

A) Golem
B) kinesics
C) coffee
D) halo

Question 47

The press of time, the attitudes of the people you work with, and other situational factors all influence perceptual _______________.

A) accuracy
B) attitudes
C) reality
D) dissonance

Question 48

Coach Smith is told one of his new players is slacker and a trouble maker. The coach immediately treats that player in a dismissive manner and the player indeed turns out to be a marginal performer. This example shows the __________ effect.

A) Pygmalion
B) Golem
C) closure
D) projection

Question 49

Perceptual groupings ____ create inaccuracies.

A) always
B) can
C) rarely
D) never

Question 50

When managers employ a profile schema of the characteristics of good, poor, and outstanding employees they are using a _________ schema to compare present employees and job candidates.

A) person-based
B) role-based
C) self-based
D) events-based

Question 51

A department manager has a job opening that involves lots of travel. He doesn't mention it to the women in the department because he assumes that women don't want to be away from their families. Which schema is the manager applying?

A) Events-based
B) Self-based
C) Role-based
D) Person-based

Question 52

Carlos is being pressed to complete an assignment on time and in order to accomplish that goal is overlooking certain details and skipping activities. This is an example of __________ factors impacting perceptual accuracy.

A) situational
B) kinesics
C) halo
D) Golem

Question 53

Bob has to conduct a press conference two days from now, so he is writing his speech and rehearsing various ways of presenting it. Which schema is Bob using?

A) Events-based
B) Self-based
C) Role-based
D) Person-based

Question 54

The _______ effect is form of self-fulfilling prophecy.

A) Pygmalion
B) Golem
C) Drucker
D) Stillman

Question 55

When managers allow generalizations about their own prowess, competencies, and preferences based on a current or previous experience influence perceptions they are using a ___________ schema

A) person-based
B) role-based
C) self-based
D) events-based

Question 56

The department supervisor required to have multiple demands on her attention may be an example of ______.

A) selective attention
B) attention distribution
C) divided attention
D) attention maximization

Question 57

Research on "similar to me" perception suggests all of the following except:

A) Knowing oneself makes it easier to see others accurately.
B) One's own characteristics affect the characteristics identified in others.
C) Knowing others makes it easier to identify faults in oneself.
D) Persons who accept themselves are more likely to see favorable aspects of others.

Question 58

Which schema would a manager most likely use when interviewing job applicants?

A) Events-based
B) Self-based
C) Role-based
D) Person-based

Question 59

Employees who _______________ capture a manager's attention more quickly.

A) are superior performers
B) are more respected
C) make forceful requests
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 60

________________refers to the fact that people give some messages priority and put others on hold.

A) Selective attention
B) Selective listening
C) Inequitable prioritization
D) Unbalanced listening

Question 61

What is the Golem effect? What should managers do to decrease the chance a Golem perspective may impact the performance of their team?

Question 62

A job applicant claiming responsibility for successful past events, such as "My work led to a large sale," is an example of:

A) Self-proclamation
B) Personal stories
C) Entitlements
D) Justifications

Question 63

When a person is in the presence of others, there is a reason to mobilize _______________ in order to create a positive impression.

A) resources
B) style
C) creativity
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 64

A job applicant making comments that compliment the interviewer, such as "I've been so impressed with your work," is an example of:

A) Self-promotion
B) Opinion conformity
C) Enhancement of another
D) Justifications

Question 65

Jane pretends she does not know how to prepare a presentation in order to get her teammate to do the work. This is an example of the __________ impression management tactic.

A) exemplification
B) supplication
C) ingratiation
D) self-promotion

Question 66

"We lost over 30 percent of the market, but the economy went sour for everyone "would be an example of a job applicant using the _____________ tactic of impression management.

A) externalizing
B) excuses
C) overcoming obstacles
D) justifications

Question 67

Mike received two test grades back. When he shares the results he states that he studied harder than everyone else in the class to earn the "A." When talking about the test he scored a "C" on, Mike explains it away by saying the test was too long for the time allotted. Mike's statements are an example of ______ bias.

A) fundamental
B) self-serving
C) mixed loci
D) internal

Question 68

Managers manage impressions of themselves by _________.

A) how they talk
B) their office location and furniture
C) by the individuals they select as employees
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 69

According to _______, individuals engage in five impression management techniques.

A) Golem
B) Goffman
C) Jones and Pittman
D) Shaffer

Question 70

Jane has a tendency to assume that events occur due to events within an individual's control. This is ______ attribution

A) an internal
B) a high loci
C) an external
D) a fundamental

Question 71

Which of the following impression management techniques do job applicants use most often?

A) Self-promotion
B) Excuses
C) Opinion conformity
D) Justifications

Question 72

_______proposed that impression management is a theatrical process.

A) Goffman
B) Golem
C) Goldman
D) Graviz

Question 73

Mike has a tendency to underestimate the importance of external factors and overestimate the importance of internal factors when making attributions regarding the behavior of others. This is an example of the _________ attribution error.

A) internal
B) self-serving
C) fundamental
D) mixed loci

Question 74

Describe the similar-to-me perception error.

Question 75

Applying the Jones and Pittman research, a person acting in ways in order to appear powerful is using the ________ impression management tactic.

A) intimidation
B) supplication
C) ingratiation
D) self-promotion

Question 76

Dean Jones sees that every student in the Management class received an "A." She assumes that the course must be too easy because students don't work hard. This is an example of __________________.

A) an internal error
B) a high loci bias
C) self-serving bias
D) a fundamental attribution error

Question 77

Joe wishes to be thought of as going above and beyond the call of duty. This is an example of the __________ impression management tactic.

A) exemplification
B) supplication
C) ingratiation
D) self-promotion

Question 78

The self-serving bias leads us to conclude when we succeed that our success was _______________.

A) due to factors beyond our control
B) a result of our outstanding efforts
C) a one-time event
D) due to the assistance of others

Question 79

Joe has a tendency to assume that events occur due to items outside of the individual's control. This is ______ attribution

A) an internal
B) a high loci
C) an external
D) a fundamental

Question 80

With _______________, individuals seek to be viewed as dedicated by going above and beyond the call of duty.

A) exemplification
B) supplication
C) ingratiation
D) self-promotion