Deck 11: Substance-Related Disorders

Question 1

The typical course of alcohol-related disorder is ________

A) always a continuous and gradual decline.
B) a rapid decline followed by abstinence.
C) a gradual decline followed by increasing physical problems.
D) usually progresses from early to late stage disorder.

Answer 1

usually progresses from early to late stage disorder.

Question 2

Henry used to become intoxicated after six drinks. Now he needs ten or twelve to get the same effect. This is an example of ________

A) a psychoactive substance abuse disorder.
B) tolerance.
C) withdrawal symptoms.
D) an organic impairment.

Answer 2

tolerance.

Question 3

Which of the following is a misconception about alcohol?

A) A person with a strong will cannot become an alcoholic.
B) Alcohol can interfere with sleep.
C) Mixing different types of alcohol does not make people more drunk than the same amount of a single type.
D) Drinking coffee does not counteract the effects of alcohol.

Answer 3

A person with a strong will cannot become an alcoholic.

Question 4

At low levels, alcohol's effect on the brain is ________; at higher levels, alcohol's effect is ________.

A) to inhibit glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter); release opium-like endorphins
B) too minimal to have an impact; massive and excitatory
C) depressive; excitatory
D) to activate the brain's "pleasure centers"; depress brain functioning

Question 5

Why does it make sense to view addiction as a mental disorder?

A) The symptoms reflect behaviors that involve the pathological need for a substance.
B) The most effective treatments are psychological.
C) Neurochemical imbalances underlie the problematic behaviors observed.
D) Substance abuse frequently develops in an attempt to self-medicate negative mood states.

Question 6

What evidence is there that the legal definition of alcohol intoxication (a blood alcohol content of 0.08) should be changed?

A) Most alcohol-related accidents occur at much lower blood alcohol levels.
B) Most alcohol-related accidents occur at much higher blood alcohol levels.
C) Few people show any impairment at this blood alcohol level.
D) Judgment becomes impaired long before this blood alcohol level is reached.

Question 7

The cause of alcohol hangovers is not well understood, but leading theories include ________

A) opiods.
B) excess glutamate
C) dehydration.
D) vitamin B deficiency.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why women tend to not "hold their booze" as well as men?

A) Women tend to eat less.
B) Women metabolize alcohol less quickly than men.
C) Women usually drink more quickly than men.
D) Women tend to drink mixed drinks, while men prefer beer.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about alcohol problems is accurate?

A) The lifetime prevalence for alcoholism in the United States is about 30 percent.
B) The average life span of an alcoholic is 12 years shorter than the average citizen.
C) Although alcohol impairs motor behavior, it does not lower performance on complex cognitive tasks.
D) Alcohol abuse is a "pure" disorder, with less than 5 percent of alcohol abusers having a coexisting mental disorder.

Question 10

Judd has been drinking heavily for a number of years. When he is not drinking, he experiences profuse sweating and shakes. This indicates that Judd ________

A) has an organic impairment.
B) has withdrawal symptoms when he abstains from alcohol.
C) cannot be diagnosed with substance dependence.
D) has developed a tolerance for alcohol.

Question 11

Observed changes in drinking patterns suggest that in the future ________

A) the ratio of male to female problem drinkers will increase.
B) the ratio of male to female problem drinkers will decrease.
C) the proportion of blacks that are problem drinkers will increase.
D) the proportion of blacks that are problem drinkers will decrease.

Question 12

Passing out from a high blood level of alcohol ________

A) may actually be a safety device.
B) means a person has not yet developed tolerance.
C) means that a person's blackouts have worsened and increased over time.
D) may be the result of an allergic reaction to alcohol.

Question 13

Alcohol's effect on ________ explains its ability to impair judgment.

A) dopamine
B) epinephrine
C) glutamate
D) endogenous opioids

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of organic impairment resulting from long-term substance use, as opposed to being a consequence of drug toxicity?

A) Alcohol amnestic disorder
B) Alcoholic intoxication
C) Amphetamine delusional disorder
D) Cannabis delirium

Question 15

Unlike psychoactive substance abuse, psychoactive substance dependence usually involves ________

A) physiological symptoms such as tolerance and withdrawal.
B) continued use despite social and occupational problems.
C) pathological use of the substance.
D) the use of substances that laws prohibit one from buying or using.

Question 16

Of the following, who is most likely to be an alcoholic?

A) A woman with no criminal history
B) A woman with multiple children
C) A male with a personality disorder
D) A male with multiple children

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol use?

A) Alcoholism is extremely serious but rarely fatal.
B) Alcoholism is more common in women that in men.
C) Alcoholism increases the risk of suicide.
D) Alcoholism is strongly associated with accidental death, but not with violent acts.

Question 18

Which mental disorder is most commonly comorbid with alcoholism?

A) Panic disorder
B) Obsessive compulsive disorder
C) Dissociative amnesia
D) Depression

Question 19

The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms ________

A) indicates that substance abuse has developed.
B) is necessary for a diagnosis of substance abuse.
C) is seen when use of any psychoactive substance is terminated.
D) signals that the body has adjusted to the presence of the drug.

Question 20

Which of the following is a diagnosis found in the DSM-5?

A) Alcoholism
B) Alcoholic Syndrome Disorder
C) Substance-Interdependence Disorder
D) Alcohol Use Disorder

Question 21

Cirrhosis of the liver ________

A) is a rare complication of alcoholism.
B) is due to an allergic-type reaction of the body to alcohol.
C) is caused by overworking the liver trying to assimilate large amounts of alcohol.
D) is debilitating but rarely fatal.

Question 22

Malnutrition ________

A) does not occur in alcoholics since alcohol provides both calories and nutrients.
B) only occurs when alcoholics are destitute and not able to afford to purchase food.
C) may occur in alcoholics since alcohol interferes with the body's ability to use nutrients.
D) is rare among alcoholics because alcohol is most commonly consumed with food.

Question 23

What is the role of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)?

A) It is the area of the brain that is activated by drugs and that produces euphoria.
B) It is the area of the brain that is destroyed by alcohol and leads to amnestic disorder.
C) It metabolizes all psychoactive drugs.
D) It explains why genetically vulnerable individuals have altered brain wave patterns.

Question 24

Men who are at high risk for becoming alcoholics ________

A) experience more pleasure when they ingest alcohol than nonalcoholic men.
B) experience greater lessening of feelings of stress after alcohol consumption than nonalcoholic men.
C) tend to be more impulsive than the general population.
D) respond less dramatically to alcohol related-cues than nonalcoholic men.

Question 25

Concerning the causes of alcoholism, ________

A) there are probably several different patterns of causes associated with several different types of alcohol dependence.
B) there is strong evidence that individuals at risk for alcohol dependence inherit a faulty metabolism.
C) most research evidence points to genetic liability as the primary cause of alcohol dependence in men, but not in women.
D) the causes of alcohol dependence are primarily psychosocial rather than biological in nature.

Question 26

Alcohol withdrawal delirium ________

A) occurs when alcohol and other drugs are used simultaneously.
B) most commonly occurs in alcoholics who suffer from a mood or personality disorder.
C) typically lasts from three to six days.
D) is characterized by dissociative and amnesic symptoms.

Question 27

All drugs that people become dependent upon ________

A) are socially acceptable.
B) act on pleasure pathways in the brain.
C) provide the user with renewed energy.
D) produce withdrawal symptoms when use is ceased.

Question 28

Studies of the genetics of alcoholism ________

A) have not provided support for the notion that a susceptibility to alcoholism can be inherited.
B) are not able to determine if the tendency of alcoholism to "run in families" is a result of environmental or biological factors.
C) suggest that an inherited altered sensitivity to alcohol might create a vulnerability to alcohol abuse.
D) have identified the gene that causes alcoholism.

Question 29

Bertha has been drinking to excess for many years. She is malnourished. This is because ________

A) alcohol has few calories.
B) alcohol impairs the body's ability to utilize nutrients.
C) alcoholism impairs her ability to choose healthy foods.
D) alcoholism causes people to lose their appetites.

Question 30

The "alcohol flush reaction" ________

A) is seen during alcohol withdrawal.
B) produces a spike in blood pressure and body temperature.
C) results from an inability to metabolize alcohol.
D) might explain the reduced rate of alcoholism seen among Native American peoples.

Question 31

Alcohol amnestic disorder may occur due to ________

A) low thiamine levels.
B) decreased GABA levels.
C) high opioid levels.
D) impaired serotonergic functioning.

Question 32

Your text describes two commonly recognized psychotic reactions to alcohol. They are ________

A) alcoholic tolerance and alcoholic withdrawal.
B) what used to be called "alcohol dependence" and "alcohol withdrawal."
C) what used to be called "delirium tremens" and "Korsakoff's syndrome."
D) alcohol intoxication and alcohol amnestic disorder.

Question 33

Heavy drinking during pregnancy can cause ________

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) incomplete fusion of the spinal canal in the child.
C) aggressiveness and withdrawal in the child.
D) premature birth and higher rates of still-births.

Question 34

Rates of alcoholism among Asian populations are ________ than among European peoples. This fact may be related to ________.

A) higher; genetic differences in the sensitivity of the MCLP
B) higher; genetic differences in the ability to metabolize alcohol
C) lower; religious differences in the acceptability of alcohol
D) lower; a mutant enzyme that leads to hypersensitive reactions to alcohol

Question 35

The central feature of alcohol amnestic disorder is ________

A) the presence of hallucinations.
B) a deep sleep, following which the individual has no memory of past events.
C) acute fear and extreme suggestibility.
D) a memory defect for recent events.

Question 36

Korsakoff's syndrome is now known as ________

A) alcoholic withdrawal.
B) alcohol withdrawal delirium.
C) delirium tremens.
D) alcohol amnestic disorder.

Question 37

Which of the following men has an alcohol-risk personality?

A) Tim, who is shy, anxious, and withdrawn.
B) Brian, who is organized, detail-oriented, and ambitious.
C) Sean, who is impulsive, risk-taking, and poor at planning.
D) Art, who is frequently depressed and has a low level of self-esteem.

Question 38

James has two alcoholic parents. Research suggests that his risk for alcoholism is ________

A) nearly 100 percent.
B) greater than if he had one alcoholic parent.
C) no greater than if he had one alcoholic parent.
D) about 10 percent higher than if he had no alcoholic parents.

Question 39

When John stopped drinking after his last week-long binge, he became very ill. He was disoriented, hallucinating, and paranoid. John seems to be experiencing ________

A) a severe hangover.
B) alcohol withdrawal delirium.
C) alcohol amnestic disorder.
D) alcohol-induced psychosis.

Question 40

Betty was admitted to the hospital in a state of withdrawal from alcohol. She was diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal delirium (formerly known as delirium tremens). She most likely showed which of the following behaviors?

A) Delusions of grandeur and an inability to get to sleep
B) Disorientation for time and place and vivid hallucinations
C) Severe memory deficit and the tendency to falsify reporting events (confabulation)
D) Prolonged sleep followed by convulsions and heart failure

Question 41

Binge drinking in college ________

A) is not as common as most people think.
B) leads to alcoholism later in life.
C) can lead to many alcohol-related health and life problems.
D) leads to more problems for men than women.

Question 42

Which parenting skill or parental behavior is most associated with adolescent substance use?

A) Overindulging children by giving them too many gifts and privileges
B) Restricting children from any form of experimentation with alcohol and other drugs
C) Restricting the expression of positive emotions
D) Lack of monitoring the adolescent's activities

Question 43

Which of the following is a common personality characteristic of those who later abuse alcohol?

A) Overly sensitive to the feelings of others
B) High tolerance for frustration
C) Strong need for praise and admiration
D) Over-certainty of ability to fulfill expected gender roles

Question 44

Persons at high risk for developing alcohol-related problems tend to be more ________ than those at low risk.

A) impulsive
B) vain
C) dependent
D) submissive

Question 45

Which of the following is the most significant barrier to getting an alcoholic into treatment?

A) The availability of alcohol
B) The detoxification process
C) Overcoming denial
D) Finding a suitable treatment program

Question 46

The reciprocal influence model is best described as a ________ explanation for teen drinking.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) sociocultural

Question 47

Which statement about alcohol abuse disorders and other psychological disorders is accurate?

A) Since alcohol has a negative effect on neurotransmitters, it is extremely rare for people with schizophrenia to become alcohol or drug dependent.
B) Since alcohol has an anti-anxiety effect, most of the people who are alcohol dependent and have another disorder suffer from generalized anxiety disorder.
C) The personality disorder most often associated with alcohol abuse is antisocial personality disorder.
D) The personality disorder most often associated with alcohol abuse is obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

Question 48

According to the tension-reduction explanation for alcoholism, ________

A) alcoholics drink more because they are under greater stress.
B) all those who experience stress-reduction following alcohol consumption are at an increased risk for alcoholism.
C) alcoholics do not get "high" when they drink, they merely experience a decrease in negative mood states.
D) alcohol's ability to alleviate tension should be enhanced in those with a genetic susceptibility to alcoholism.

Question 49

The reciprocal influence model of alcohol use suggests that ________

A) expectancies of social benefit can influence adolescents to begin or to continue drinking.
B) the final common pathway of alcohol use is motivation.
C) alcoholics are especially intolerant of stress, and thus susceptible to the tension-reducing properties of alcohol.
D) marital partners may enable one another to continue drinking.

Question 50

An example of a moderating influence would be ________

A) the effect of time on outcome expectancy about alcohol.
B) a wife enabling her husband to continue drinking by making excuses for him.
C) a gene that reduces the chances of a person becoming an alcoholic.
D) the impact of therapy on the divorce and suicide rates of alcoholics.

Question 51

A moderating variable is ________

A) something that makes a person more or less likely to inherit a disorder such as alcoholism.
B) something that influences the connection between two other variables.
C) something that causes alcoholics not to have as strong a reaction to alcohol as earlier.
D) something that causes some alcoholics not to have as much impairment as others.

Question 52

The reciprocal influence model suggests that ________

A) teens will start drinking early no matter what.
B) it may be possible to interrupt the cycle by changing expectancies about drinking.
C) it would be hard to interrupt the cycle because most teens' expectancies about drinking are accurate.
D) even with different expectancies, teens still drink.

Question 53

Bill is an alcoholic. His wife, Marge, has a lot of ready excuses she uses to explain his frequent absences to his boss, their friends, and their children. This is an example of ________

A) how marriages of alcoholics often last a long time.
B) why treatment needs to include identifying factors that may encourage drinking.
C) how marriage can increase the risk of alcoholism.
D) why most alcoholics rate their marriages as successful.

Question 54

Why might opiate antagonists be used in the treatment of alcoholism?

A) To minimize withdrawal
B) To minimize cravings
C) To make alcohol aversive
D) To prevent alcohol from acting on the brain's reward system

Question 55

One limitation on the findings of genetic influences on alcoholism is that ________

A) not enough research has been done using twins.
B) there are so many cultural differences in the use of alcohol that it blurs the genetic differences.
C) there have not been enough studies of the majority of children of alcoholics (those who do not become alcoholics).
D) there has been too much of a focus on the study of the nonalcoholic children of alcoholics.

Question 56

Rosa has been admitted to the hospital and is in acute alcohol withdrawal. She is given the drug _________, which is in a category of drugs that has largely revolutionized the treatment of withdrawal. symptoms.

A) Vitamin B.
B) Narcan.
C) Antabuse.
D) Valium.

Question 57

The tension-reduction model of alcoholism ________

A) does not explain why some excessive drinkers are able to maintain control over their drinking while others are not.
B) suggests that alcoholism is environmentally determined.
C) proposes that alcoholism is an incurable disease.
D) provides an explanation for the role that personality traits play in the development of alcohol abuse.

Question 58

The individual with which of the following diagnoses is most likely to also abuse alcohol?

A) Borderline personality disorder
B) Antisocial personality disorder
C) Dissociative identity disorder
D) Somatization disorder

Question 59

The incidence of alcoholism among Muslims and Mormons is low because ________

A) individuals who practice these religions are likely to live in areas where alcohol is not readily available.
B) these religions prohibit alcohol consumption.
C) members of both groups are likely to have inherited an inability to metabolize alcohol properly.
D) strong family and community bonds protect these populations from all psychological disorders.

Question 60

Problematic drinking behavior commonly develops during ________

A) a period of great success in an individual's life.
B) old age.
C) crisis periods in a marriage or other intimate personal relationship.
D) the transition to middle age.

Question 61

Which type of treatment for alcoholism has been found to be most effective?

A) Inpatient treatment
B) Outpatient treatment
C) Twelve-step programs
D) All were about equal

Question 62

Opium and heroin ________

A) were originally used by physicians as pain relievers.
B) have always been two of the most abused illegal drugs.
C) induce euphoria but do not reduce pain.
D) control pain only if they are used to cause unconsciousness.

Question 63

Randy has been dependent on alcohol for at least 10 years. Drinking has ruined his marriage, his occupational standing, and his health. If a friend told Randy that he needed to enter treatment, and Randy responded the way most alcohol dependent people do, he would probably say ________

A) "Alcohol is my enemy but I don't think I am strong enough to combat it."
B) "I have an addictive personality and without help, I will never overcome my addiction."
C) "You have a very good point; I need to do some serious thinking about getting treatment."
D) "Who do you think you are attacking me? You are the one with the problem."

Question 64

What type of treatment focuses primarily on clients learning to recognize situations that are likely to trigger drinking?

A) Alcoholics Anonymous
B) Motivational Enhancement Therapy
C) Relapse Prevention Treatment
D) Abstinence Violation Prevention

Question 65

"I am a person who has an affliction-I cannot drink like social drinkers. Spiritual change may help me in recovering from my addiction, but I will be an alcoholic for life." The person who said this would feel most comfortable in ________.

A) relapse prevention
B) Alcoholics Anonymous
C) aversive conditioning treatment
D) a replacement program

Question 66

Which of the following is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen?

A) Amphetamine
B) Cocaine
C) Ecstasy
D) Mescaline

Question 67

Which of the following is an opiate?

A) Alcohol
B) Codeine
C) Marijuana
D) Tobacco

Question 68

Opium and its derivatives ________

A) typically take several months to produce physiological cravings.
B) cause withdrawal symptoms in addicts within approximately 8 hours of the last dose.
C) always cause near fatal withdrawal symptoms.
D) cause amnesia with long-term use.

Question 69

In 2011, which of the following accounted for approximately 20 percent of all drug-related emergency room admissions?

A) Cocaine
B) Ecstasy
C) Barbiturates
D) Heroin

Question 70

An estimated ________ Americans ages 12 years or older report using at least one illicit drug during the past year

A) 2.16 million.
B) 5.28 million.
C) 21.6 million
D) 52.8 million .

Question 71

Which of the following drugs are chemically similar to MDMA (Ecstasy)?

A) Methamphetamine and LSD
B) Cocaine and mescaline
C) Methamphetamine and mescaline
D) Cocaine and LSD

Question 72

Illicit drug use is most common in what age group?

A) 8 to 12 year olds
B) 19 to 28 year olds
C) 35 to 47 year olds
D) 65 to 80 year olds

Question 73

Aversive conditioning therapy for alcoholics ________

A) punishes the alcoholic for drinking by making him or her sick after drinking.
B) uses educational and life skills training to help the alcoholic understand the negative aspects of drinking.
C) includes family members to try to help the alcoholic understand the harm his or her behaviors have done.
D) involves pairing alcohol with something unpleasant like electric shock.

Question 74

The first stage in the treatment of any form of substance dependence is ________

A) group psychotherapy.
B) treating physical withdrawal symptoms.
C) the use of Antabuse.
D) the administration of antidepressants.

Question 75

Which statement about Project MATCH is accurate?

A) It showed that matching a client's personality to a form of treatment makes no difference.
B) It proved that treatment based on Alcoholics Anonymous is superior to other forms of treatment.
C) It showed that treatments only work when they are carefully matched with the personality profiles of the clients in them.
D) It proved that therapists must establish warm relationships with their clients in order for therapy to be effective.

Question 76

Controlled drinking (i.e., teaching alcoholics to drink in moderation) ________

A) has been generally accepted as a useful treatment.
B) is incorporated in Brief Motivational Intervention
C) works better than complete abstinence.
D) seems to work for people with less severe alcohol problems.

Question 77

What complicates the use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism?

A) While it lessens cravings, it does nothing to improve negative mood states.
B) There is a risk of dependence.
C) It has to be administered intravenously.
D) Exposure to all alcohol must be avoided.

Question 78

In contrast to some other treatment programs, Alcoholics Anonymous ________

A) offers both group and person-to-person support.
B) is successful, but only with severe alcoholics who have "hit bottom."
C) uses primarily psychodynamic interventions, although advocates of AA would disagree.
D) has a low dropout rate.

Question 79

Adam and Beth are both being treated for alcohol dependence by being given medications. Adam's medication makes him vomit if he drinks after taking it. Beth's medication reduces her craving for alcohol. Most likely Adam is taking ________; Beth is taking ________.

A) methadone; Naltrexone
B) Naltrexone; methadone
C) methadone; Antabuse
D) Antabuse; Naltrexone

Question 80

The abstinence violation effect is ________

A) the relapse rate percentage used in treatment outcome studies of addicts.
B) the effect that physiologically addicting drugs have in making continued abstinence difficult.
C) the tendency of an abstainer to relapse completely after a minor transgression.
D) the Alcoholics Anonymous phrase for relapsing.