Deck 12: Decision Making, creativity, and Ethics

Question 1

Which of the following conditions would probably NOT lead to intuitive decision making?

A)when time is limited
B)when facts don't clearly point the way to go
C)when a high level of certainty exists
D)when facts are limited
E)when there is pressure to come up with the right decision

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Allocating weights to the decision criteria is unnecessary if

A)all criteria are relevant.
B)all criteria are equally relevant.
C)there are only two.
D)there are three or more criteria.
E)a team is not making the decision.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available but may NOT be accurate is called

A)representative bias.
B)availability bias.
C)escalation of commitment.
D)heuristical fallacy.
E)bounded discretion.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Trying to cover up a wrongdoing and risking public trial and expensive court costs,instead of admitting a mistake,is an example of

A)representative heuristic.
B)availability heuristic.
C)escalation of commitment.
D)risk aversion.
E)risk hindsight.

Question 5

A decision made from unconscious processing of a person's many experiences is called

A)satisficing.
B)decision making.
C)intuitive.
D)randomness.
E)escalated commitment.

Question 6

Of the following,which best characterizes the satisficing decision-making process?

A)seeking an acceptable solution
B)following bounded rationality
C)using the decision confirmation process
D)searching for consistency
E)one which seeks optimization

Question 7

When a manager immediately hires the person he/she feels is "good enough," they are employing what decision-making process?

A)intuitive decision making
B)satisficing
C)heuristics
D)bounded rationals
E)reflexivity decision-making

Question 8

The first phase of the rational decision-making model is

A)problem definition.
B)solution.
C)conflict.
D)perceptual distortion.
E)managers only.

Question 9

Bounded rationality is criticized because it is based on

A)simplified models that lack complexity.
B)institutional memory.
C)too tight a structure.
D)the outcome of highest utility.
E)a knowledge model that is too complex.

Question 10

Looking for a solution that is satisfactory and sufficient is called

A)su-optimizing.
B)seeking an implicit favourite.
C)simplifying.
D)satisficing.
E)optimizing.

Question 11

When managers predict that sales for next year will be the same as last year,despite a weakening economy,they are

A)using framing.
B)using regression to the mean.
C)using confirmation bias.
D)ignoring the base rate.
E)escalating commitment.

Question 12

Investors tend to do only as well as or just slightly better than the market due to

A)overconfidence bias.
B)availability bias.
C)escalation of commitment.
D)heuristical fallacy.
E)bounded discretion.

Question 13

SCENARIO 12-1 You are making a decision whether to discontinue research on a new drug.This new drug would save lives,but it is uncertain whether it can be developed within a reasonable time frame and at a reasonable cost.Your firm has already spent a small fortune on this drug.You have gathered so much information in preparation for making the decision that you are unable to sort the good information from the superfluous.
Refer to Scenario 12-1.You decide to spend more money on the project,even though you believe it to be improbable that you will succeed.You are guilty of

A)availability heuristic.
B)representative heuristic.
C)escalation of commitment.
D)satisficing.
E)ignoring the base rate.

Question 14

Rationality assumes

A)high intelligence.
B)consistency.
C)maturity.
D)unlimited choices.
E)unlimited power and influence.

Question 15

The rational decision-making model would best be described as an exercise in

A)establishing goals.
B)evaluating people.
C)evaluating alternatives.
D)choosing the option of highest utility.
E)focusing on corporate culture.

Question 16

SCENARIO 12-1 You are making a decision whether to discontinue research on a new drug.This new drug would save lives,but it is uncertain whether it can be developed within a reasonable time frame and at a reasonable cost.Your firm has already spent a small fortune on this drug.You have gathered so much information in preparation for making the decision that you are unable to sort the good information from the superfluous.
Refer to Scenario 12-1.You feel that you are personally responsible for the lack of success with this drug.One course of action that you may be expected to take is

A)availability heuristic.
B)representative heuristic.
C)escalation of commitment.
D)satisficing.
E)ignoring the base rate.

Question 17

SCENARIO 12-1 You are making a decision whether to discontinue research on a new drug.This new drug would save lives,but it is uncertain whether it can be developed within a reasonable time frame and at a reasonable cost.Your firm has already spent a small fortune on this drug.You have gathered so much information in preparation for making the decision that you are unable to sort the good information from the superfluous.
Refer to Scenario 12-1.You state to the committee helping you that all information and research on this drug and the disease it is to treat has been sorted and processed into the 36 binder that are on the table in front of them.In making this statement and assuming you have complete information you are committing

A)confirmation bias.
B)optimal solution.
C)lateral approach.
D)fundamental attribution error.
E)risk aversion.

Question 18

Tom consistently chooses the ultimate alternative after identifying criteria and allocating weights to every alternative.This is known as ________ decision making.

A)pensive
B)cautious
C)rational
D)impulsive
E)erratic

Question 19

One shortcut in judgment that may weaken the decision-making process is in a specific situation is

A)optimalities.
B)escalations.
C)hindsight bias.
D)randomness error.
E)synectics.

Question 20

A choice made from alternatives is defined as

A)a decision.
B)a criterion.
C)an attribution.
D)a problem.
E)a judgment.

Question 21

SCENARIO 12-2 Your organization is considering the use of group decision-making.You have read extensively in the literature and are trying to inform your manager about the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making.
Refer to Scenario 12-2.A weakness of group decision-making is

A)less complete knowledge and information will be forthcoming.
B)making the decision will be more time consuming.
C)employees will be less accepting of the decision.
D)the decision will probably be of a lower quality.
E)there will be less diversity of views and opinions.

Question 22

Carol has designated Kevin to be the group's "Devil's Advocate." His job is to challenge the majority opinion on each issue and to offer divergent perspectives.Which group decision-making problem is Carol attempting to avoid?

A)perceptual bias
B)consistency bias
C)randomness error
D)groupshift
E)groupthink

Question 23

Hari has a long history of success,but more recently his judgment has come into question in some decisions that he has made.Some believe that he is too optimistic about his own performance,and that affects his judgment.Hari may be committing

A)performance bias.
B)perceptual bias.
C)semantic bias.
D)overconfidence bias.
E)anchoring bias.

Question 24

Freda's best skill as a group leader is to be able to get the group to generate a large number of alternatives while encouraging everyone to withhold criticism of any of the proposed alternatives.This technique is known as

A)groupthink.
B)groupshift.
C)brainstorming.
D)nominal grouping.
E)consensus decision making.

Question 25

SCENARIO 12-2 Your organization is considering the use of group decision-making.You have read extensively in the literature and are trying to inform your manager about the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making.
Refer to Scenario 12-2.A strength of group decision-making is that

A)group decision-making will be faster.
B)group discussions will be shared equally.
C)there will be increased acceptance of the decision.
D)group decision making will not be viewed as legitimate.
E)group decision making will be more efficient.

Question 26

SCENARIO 12-2 Your organization is considering the use of group decision-making.You have read extensively in the literature and are trying to inform your manager about the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making.
Refer to Scenario 12-2.You have observed that the group tends to arrive at consensus very quickly and you know that the group is very cohesive.You conclude that they may be suffering from

A)inefficiency syndrome.
B)groupshift.
C)disintegrating norms.
D)groupthink.
E)rationalization.

Question 27

After reflecting on his staff's decision-making abilities,James reaches the conclusion there are limitations on a person's ability to interpret,process and act on information.His opinion reflects

A)groupthink.
B)bounded rationality.
C)satisficing.
D)anchoring.
E)confirming.

Question 28

If someone settles on an alternative because it meets the minimum requirements of the situation,this is known as

A)rational decision making.
B)framing.
C)satisficing.
D)heuristics.
E)intuition.

Question 29

Todd has a tendency to rely too much on the initial information at his disposal about any given issue; he fails to integrate and give weight to new information being given to him.This is known as

A)anchoring bias.
B)confirmation bias.
C)performance bias.
D)overconfidence bias.
E)availability bias.

Question 30

Fred is a great decision maker,but he is superstitious,so he steadfastly maintains that he will not make any big decisions on Friday the 13th.This is known as

A)perceptual bias.
B)availability bias.
C)randomness error.
D)winner's curse.
E)escalation of commitment.

Question 31

Liam makes a lot of decisions simply by "gut feel," and more often than not he makes the right one.This is known as ________ decision making.

A)pensive
B)rational
C)intuitive
D)impulsive
E)cautious

Question 32

Ted decided to discontinue a product line a year ago; since then,it is clear this was the wrong decision.Nevertheless,Ted insists that he will be proven correct in time and he has no plans to change his mind.This is an example of

A)delusional behaviour.
B)escalation of commitment.
C)randomness error.
D)winner's curse.
E)hindsight bias.

Question 33

Gill has been criticized for making decisions superficially without digging for the information that he really needs.This is known as

A)anchoring bias.
B)confirmation bias.
C)availability bias.
D)overconfidence bias.
E)performance bias.

Question 34

As a practice,we should assume our most of our decisions are ________ and evaluate them with a critical process.

A)values
B)judgments
C)behaviours
D)perceptions
E)thoughts

Question 35

Omar has noticed that a chronic problem facing the work team he is on is the is pressure to conform; when the team is discussing a situation,it seems there is pressure to move quickly to agreeing on a decision,which means that the group does not usually adequately consider other alternatives that are less popular and less well known.This phenomenon is known as

A)groupshift.
B)perceptual bias.
C)randomness error.
D)availability bias.
E)groupthink.

Question 36

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them rather than complete data is known as

A)framing.
B)bounded rationality.
C)intuition.
D)availability bias.
E)regression.

Question 37

Compared to group decision-making,individual decision-making outperforms on the criteria of

A)speed.
B)diversity of perspectives.
C)acceptance of solution.
D)higher quality decision.
E)more complete information.

Question 38

Professor Hawkes received some isolated negative feedback from a student and subsequently dismissed the feedback after talking with two close colleagues who told her what she wanted to hear.This is known as

A)availability bias.
B)performance bias.
C)anchoring bias.
D)overconfidence bias.
E)confirmation bias.

Question 39

A group decision-making method in which each individual team member preplans their ideas and solutions for the problem and brings these ideas to the group,is known as

A)groupshift.
B)nominal group technique.
C)groupthink.
D)brainstorming.
E)consistency bias.

Question 40

Ben has noticed that after his team discusses any issue,the conservative people become even more cautious and the aggressive people get even bolder.This phenomenon is known as

A)groupthink.
B)perceptual bias.
C)randomness error.
D)groupshift.
E)consistency bias.

Question 41

Corry has always believed that in order to generate new and creative ideas,a group setting is the best.Thus,in terms of creativity,he considers groups to be

A)more efficient than individuals.
B)less effective than individuals.
C)less efficient than individuals.
D)more effective than individuals.
E)as effective as individuals.

Question 42

SCENARIO 12-4 You are having trouble assessing the effectiveness of your work group.Your manager informs you that there are many different effectiveness criteria and suggests that you determine clear criteria for analysis.You also learn that the type of group used will impact group effectiveness.
Refer to Scenario 12-4.Interpersonal conflict would be a big problem if it should develop in the work group.Which type of group would have the greatest potential for interpersonal conflict?

A)interacting
B)brainstorming
C)nominal
D)electronic
E)heterogeneous

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE about electronic meetings?

A)This method is good for building group cohesiveness.
B)This method is good for number and quality of ideas.
C)This method tends to raise social pressures to a maximum.
D)This method is an expensive means for generating a large number of ideas.
E)Potential for interpersonal conflict is high.

Question 44

Which of the following is likely to generate the lowest number of ideas?

A)interacting groups
B)brainstorming
C)computer-assisted group
D)nominal group technique
E)electronic meetings

Question 45

Which type of decision-making group is most committed to the group solution?

A)interacting
B)brainstorming
C)nominal
D)electronic
E)computer-assisted

Question 46

SCENARIO 12-5 Helen is involved in making an important decision for her company and has read that creativity facilitates rational decision making.
Refer to Scenario 12-5.Creativity is probably most important in

A)helping identify all viable alternatives.
B)selecting the best alternative.
C)allocating weights to criteria.
D)evaluating the alternatives.
E)using alternatives to develop task structures.

Question 47

SCENARIO 12-3 You know that the decision as to which new product to produce must have widespread acceptance and be of the highest quality.Having reviewed the literature,you decide this decision needs to be made by a group of your best managers.
Refer to Scenario 12-3.You have decided that your planning meetings will be electronic meetings.Which of the following is NOT true about this type of meeting?

A)Participants type their responses onto a computer screen.
B)You can expect participants to be honest.
C)Participants will be anonymous.
D)Group cohesiveness will be high.
E)Quality of ideas will be high.

Question 48

Brainstorming is

A)used to build group cohesiveness.
B)a technique that tends to restrict independent thinking.
C)a process for generating ideas.
D)used mainly when group members cannot agree on a solution.
E)used when no other method is available.

Question 49

When group members become more exaggerated in their opinions and positions as group discussions go on,the group has experienced

A)group process.
B)groupthink.
C)group demography.
D)groupshift.
E)group rationalization.

Question 50

Which of the following is a disadvantage of electronic meetings?

A)honesty
B)speed
C)cost
D)anonymity
E)task orientation

Question 51

Which technique has the greatest potential for interpersonal conflict?

A)interacting
B)nominal group
C)brainstorming
D)meeting
E)computer-assisted

Question 52

The most recent approach to group decision making blends the nominal group technique with computer technology.It is known as

A)the electronic meeting.
B)electronic mail.
C)computerized decision making.
D)electronic participation.
E)electronic database handling.

Question 53

Sammy has noticed a tendency of his staff to become overconfident when working in a group,leading them to take more risks than they normally would on their own.This is a symptom of

A)bounded rationality.
B)groupshift.
C)groupthink.
D)perceptual bias.
E)randomness error.

Question 54

When you come up with a new way of solving an old problem,it is called

A)creativity.
B)talent.
C)decision making.
D)lateral thinking.
E)problem structuring.

Question 55

Groupshift most often means decisions

A)are made by groups rather than individuals.
B)contain greater risk.
C)are made more quickly.
D)prove less effective.
E)are more conservative.

Question 56

Jerry has fostered a spirit of competition among his staff members that produces winners and losers.This approach is very likely to stifle

A)groupthink.
B)creativity.
C)consensus decision making.
D)perceptual bias.
E)randomness error.

Question 57

SCENARIO 12-4 You are having trouble assessing the effectiveness of your work group.Your manager informs you that there are many different effectiveness criteria and suggests that you determine clear criteria for analysis.You also learn that the type of group used will impact group effectiveness.
Refer to Scenario 12-4.Developing group cohesiveness is an important effectiveness criteria for your group.Which type of group would you want to avoid?

A)interacting
B)brainstorming
C)nominal
D)electronic
E)consensus mapping

Question 58

SCENARIO 12-4 You are having trouble assessing the effectiveness of your work group.Your manager informs you that there are many different effectiveness criteria and suggests that you determine clear criteria for analysis.You also learn that the type of group used will impact group effectiveness.
Refer to Scenario 12-4.If commitment to the solution is your effectiveness criteria,which type of group should be the most effective?

A)interacting
B)brainstorming
C)nominal
D)electronic
E)electronic meeting

Question 59

SCENARIO 12-3 You know that the decision as to which new product to produce must have widespread acceptance and be of the highest quality.Having reviewed the literature,you decide this decision needs to be made by a group of your best managers.
Refer to Scenario 12-3.Your managers are located in Taiwan,India,Brazil,and the United States.Which group decision-making technique might be the easiest to arrange in terms of speed and task orientation?

A)interacting
B)brainstorming
C)nominal group
D)electronic meeting
E)group rationalization

Question 60

What Don doesn't like about working in groups is that it takes much more time than it would take him to do things on his own.Thus,in terms of usage of time,his view is that groups are

A)less effective than individuals.
B)more effective than individuals.
C)less efficient than individuals.
D)more efficient than individuals.
E)as efficient as individuals.

Question 61

SCENARIO 12-6 You are the manager of a development group in a large computer software company.You have decided that it is important for your group to understand the many ways that ethical decisions can be made and are designing a training program on the subject of ethics.
Refer to Scenario 12-6.You decide to emphasize the ethical criterion that currently dominates business decision making.Which criterion is this?

A)utilitarian
B)justice
C)rights
D)synectics
E)moral development

Question 62

SCENARIO 12-7 Microchip technology is at the heart of everything electronic.The stakes for manufacturers are high and market fluctuation makes for an uncertain future.Jim Forrest is CEO of BigChip Inc.,a medium-sized company that manufactures specialty microchips used in a variety of computers to facilitate efficient graphics processing.Jim recognizes the need to diversify his manufacturing operations and is considering starting up a new division,which would design,develop and produce security chips.These would be used in situations ranging from data transmission to securing financial transactions.Other companies are also considering involvement since the security market is potentially a large one.Jim knows that the rapid advancements in the field of computer hardware and software necessitates an innovative approach to development of any new technology.Jim realizes that responding to market conditions and world economic influence will have to be carefully dealt with.
Refer to Scenario 12-7.Some managers at BigChip Inc.are cautioning Jim that creativity can be stifled because of the social environment within which the employees are functioning.This means that the potential they have for doing creative work may not be fully realized.Which factors act as blocks to the creativity process?

A)expected evaluation
B)conventional obligation
C)physical constraints
D)focusing on purpose
E)emphasizing extrinsic rewards

Question 63

SCENARIO 12-7 Microchip technology is at the heart of everything electronic.The stakes for manufacturers are high and market fluctuation makes for an uncertain future.Jim Forrest is CEO of BigChip Inc.,a medium-sized company that manufactures specialty microchips used in a variety of computers to facilitate efficient graphics processing.Jim recognizes the need to diversify his manufacturing operations and is considering starting up a new division,which would design,develop and produce security chips.These would be used in situations ranging from data transmission to securing financial transactions.Other companies are also considering involvement since the security market is potentially a large one.Jim knows that the rapid advancements in the field of computer hardware and software necessitates an innovative approach to development of any new technology.Jim realizes that responding to market conditions and world economic influence will have to be carefully dealt with.
Refer to Scenario 12-7.Jim knows that expansion into new technology will have to be carefully managed.Managers,in many instances,are content with reasonable rather than best-possible solutions.A weakness of rational decision-making in Jim's situation is the assumption that

A)there are no time or cost constraints.
B)decisions will never be made that produce the highest perceived value.
C)decision criteria vary over time.
D)all possible consequences of each alternative are unknown.
E)criteria weights remain constant at all times.

Question 64

Research found that simply asking business school students to think of an ethical situation had ________ effects when they were making ethical choices later.

A)minimal
B)negative
C)monetary
D)powerful
E)dubious

Question 65

Individuals who have progressed to higher levels of moral development will place increased value on the rights of others.These individuals are

A)strongly influenced by their peers to conform.
B)likely to follow an organization's rules and procedures.
C)likely to value the majority opinion.
D)likely to challenge organizational practices that they feel or believe are wrong.
E)predisposed to use their influence to disregard the organization's value system.

Question 66

Norma always tries to make decisions that will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people.This approach is known as

A)ethical decision making.
B)utilitarianism.
C)groupthink.
D)morality.
E)whistle blowing.

Question 67

SCENARIO 12-7 Microchip technology is at the heart of everything electronic.The stakes for manufacturers are high and market fluctuation makes for an uncertain future.Jim Forrest is CEO of BigChip Inc.,a medium-sized company that manufactures specialty microchips used in a variety of computers to facilitate efficient graphics processing.Jim recognizes the need to diversify his manufacturing operations and is considering starting up a new division,which would design,develop and produce security chips.These would be used in situations ranging from data transmission to securing financial transactions.Other companies are also considering involvement since the security market is potentially a large one.Jim knows that the rapid advancements in the field of computer hardware and software necessitates an innovative approach to development of any new technology.Jim realizes that responding to market conditions and world economic influence will have to be carefully dealt with.
Refer to Scenario 12-7.Jim has been identified as a risk-taker,which in the past has proven to be successful for him and BigChip Inc.Risk-takers generally make decisions intuitively,based on experience and other characteristics which are relevant to their views and perceptions.In which situation will intuitive decision making likely to be used?

A)when there is much precedent and past history to draw on
B)when analytical data and information appear to be of little or no use
C)when variables are logically and scientifically predictable
D)when facts clearly point the way to a logical conclusion
E)when an obvious and plausible alternative solution exists

Question 68

SCENARIO 12-6 You are the manager of a development group in a large computer software company.You have decided that it is important for your group to understand the many ways that ethical decisions can be made and are designing a training program on the subject of ethics.
Refer to Scenario 12-6.You decide to teach the group about the importance of making decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges.You are planning to focus on which criterion?

A)utilitarian
B)justice
C)rights
D)privilege
E)conformity

Question 69

When considering ethics in various countries around the world,which of the following is true?

A)Cultural differences are extreme in Asia.
B)North Americans have homogeneous values.
C)Western culture encourages individuality while Eastern culture supports group behaviour.
D)Ethical standards exist collectively in societies.
E)There are no ethical standards.

Question 70

Our tendency to see ourselves as more moral than we are and others as less moral than they are is called

A)unethical decision making.
B)immoral values.
C)moral blind spots.
D)bounded rationality.
E)dominance.

Question 71

Which of the following questions helps determine whether a decision is ethical?

A)Does this decision cost more than the benefits received?
B)Is the decision fair and equitable?
C)How long will the solution take to complete?
D)When can the results be expected?
E)What minimum outcome is expected?

Question 72

In which of the following examples is utilitarianism absent?

A)laying off a small number of employees so that the larger number of workers can continue to work full-time jobs
B)moving production operations to other countries,so that the company remains competitive
C)using impartial means to equitably distribute benefits and costs
D)discontinuing products with questionable effects on health
E)raising prices to increase profitability

Question 73

SCENARIO 12-6 You are the manager of a development group in a large computer software company.You have decided that it is important for your group to understand the many ways that ethical decisions can be made and are designing a training program on the subject of ethics.
Refer to Scenario 12-6.If you explain that decisions should respect and protect the special relationships that individuals have with each other,you will include

A)project management principles.
B)escalation of commitment.
C)the criterion of care.
D)paradigm shift.
E)management principles.

Question 74

The question,"Is the decision fair and equitable?" helps determine which of the following?

A)whether to go ahead with the cost investment
B)whether an idea has merit or not
C)whether the decision is ethical
D)whether a product should be introduced or not
E)how to go about investing in your people

Question 75

Many companies are developing corporate ethics through a variety of methods and procedures.Which of the following would NOT foster corporate ethics?

A)Provide specific examples of situations where there is no right or wrong answer.
B)Rely on people to be guided by their conscience.
C)Structure a favourable culture where people will recognize the role of ethics.
D)Have management issue specific regulations to be followed by employees.
E)Substitute understood and acceptable values for rules and regulations.

Question 76

The study of moral values or principles that guide our behaviour and inform us whether actions are right or wrong is known as

A)morality.
B)values.
C)ethics.
D)rational decision making.
E)heuristics.

Question 77

People who lack a ________ sense are much less likely to make unethical decisions if the organizational environment ignores ethical behaviours.

A)strong moral
B)strong intuitive
C)weak behaviour
D)strong judgmental
E)moderate extroverted

Question 78

Which of the following are criteria for making ethical choices?

A)utilitarianism,justice,rights,care
B)utilitarianism,care,justice,satisficing
C)heuristics,utilitarianism,justice,rights
D)satisficing,justice,rights,heuristics
E)care,utilitarianism,heuristics,rights

Question 79

Utilitarianism is used in decisions that provide the

A)least good for the least number.
B)greatest good for the greatest number.
C)greatest good for the decision makers.
D)greatest good for the least privileged.
E)greatest good for the best performers.

Question 80

SCENARIO 12-7 Microchip technology is at the heart of everything electronic.The stakes for manufacturers are high and market fluctuation makes for an uncertain future.Jim Forrest is CEO of BigChip Inc.,a medium-sized company that manufactures specialty microchips used in a variety of computers to facilitate efficient graphics processing.Jim recognizes the need to diversify his manufacturing operations and is considering starting up a new division,which would design,develop and produce security chips.These would be used in situations ranging from data transmission to securing financial transactions.Other companies are also considering involvement since the security market is potentially a large one.Jim knows that the rapid advancements in the field of computer hardware and software necessitates an innovative approach to development of any new technology.Jim realizes that responding to market conditions and world economic influence will have to be carefully dealt with.
Refer to Scenario 12-7.Another issue for Jim is ethical practices.Ethical practices are a major focus that other companies,suppliers and competitors are emphasizing when they represent themselves to the larger community.Which of the following will NOT foster high ethical business practices in Jim's organization?

A)high moral behaviour by senior management
B)adherence to job tasks and job descriptions
C)visible promotion and recognition of employees who display moral behaviour
D)visible punishment for those who act unethically
E)performance appraisals that evaluate means and results