Deck 5: Theories of Work Motivation

Question 1

According to Maslow,once an individual has fulfilled his or her belongingness needs,the ________ needs become motivating.

A)affiliation
B)esteem
C)safety
D)relatedness
E)physiological

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Alderfer's existence needs correspond closely to Maslow's

A)self-actualization needs.
B)belongingness needs.
C)physiological needs.
D)esteem needs.
E)growth needs.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which theory proposes a weak or flexible hierarchy of needs?

A)Expectancy
B)Equity
C)ERG
D)Maslow
E)Adams

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements about motivation and performance is FALSE?

A)A person could be highly motivated and,yet,perform poorly.
B)A person could perform fairly well despite low motivation.
C)Motivation is defined as the extent to which workers contribute to achieving organizational objectives.
D)Task understanding is important for motivation to be converted into performance.
E)General cognitive ability and emotional intelligence are important for motivation to be converted into performance.

Question 5

According to the text,which of the following is not a basic characteristic or component of motivation?

A)Effort
B)Performance
C)Persistence
D)Direction
E)Goals

Question 6

The extent to which an organizational member contributes to achieving the objectives of the organization is called

A)effort.
B)performance.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)extrinsic motivation.
E)expectancy.

Question 7

Alderfer differs from Maslow in that his ERG theory assumes

A)growth needs can be completely satisfied just as existence and relatedness needs can be.
B)a lower level need must be gratified before a less concrete need becomes operative.
C)a rigid hierarchy of needs exists.
D)if higher level needs are strong but ungratified,individuals will increase their desire for the gratification of lower level needs.
E)the least concrete needs become more desired as they are fulfilled.

Question 8

Effort,persistence,and direction are basic components of

A)equity.
B)expectancy.
C)motivation.
D)performance.
E)attitude.

Question 9

Which of the following is most likely to stimulate intrinsic motivation?

A)High pay
B)Challenging job
C)Close supervision
D)Generous fringe benefits
E)Company policies

Question 10

If Steve desires friendly and supportive supervision,he is trying to fulfill

A)his existence needs.
B)his relatedness needs.
C)his growth needs.
D)any one of his needs,depending on which is operative.
E)his safety needs.

Question 11

Al told his friends that "the job makes me feel good about myself.I feel a real sense of accomplishment at the end of the day." Al is probably

A)intrinsically motivated.
B)extrinsically motivated.
C)fulfilling his relatedness needs on the job.
D)experiencing inequity.
E)self-actualized.

Question 12

According to Maslow,the ________ level ________ need is most motivational.

A)lowest; unsatisfied
B)lowest; satisfied
C)highest; unsatisfied
D)highest; satisfied
E)highest; emotional

Question 13

"An interesting job that pays well" suggests that the job

A)meets the motivational requirements of equity theory.
B)is high in intrinsic motivation.
C)is high in extrinsic motivation.
D)is high in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
E)is high in extrinsic but low in intrinsic motivation.

Question 14

Some researchers have argued that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are incompatible.By this,they mean that

A)intrinsic rewards may decrease extrinsic motivation.
B)extrinsic rewards may decrease intrinsic motivation.
C)extrinsic rewards usually lead to better performance than intrinsic rewards.
D)intrinsic rewards usually lead to better performance than extrinsic rewards.
E)when used in combination,they result in lower levels of performance.

Question 15

Other things equal,which ERG theory need should be of particular interest in a highly collective culture?

A)Existence
B)Resistance
C)Growth
D)Relatedness
E)Safety

Question 16

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs,a given worker at a given point in time is most motivated by

A)self-actualization because all persons seek to fulfill their highest potential.
B)physiological needs because these are most basic and important.
C)the highest level unsatisfied need.
D)the lowest level unsatisfied need.
E)belongingness needs because everyone needs some form of social interaction.

Question 17

In McClelland's theory of needs sales jobs are attractive to those high in need for ________,and management jobs are attractive to those high in need for ________.

A)achievement; power
B)affiliation; power
C)power; achievement
D)achievement; achievement
E)achievement; affiliation

Question 18

Two process theories of motivation include

A)Maslow's Need Hierarchy and McClelland's theory of needs.
B)Equity and ERG.
C)Maslow's Need.Hierarchy and Expectancy.
D)Equity and Expectancy.
E)Maslow's Need Hierarchy and ERG.

Question 19

Which of the following theories proposes that individuals have basic needs,which are associated with extrinsic motivation,and higher-order needs,which are associated with intrinsic motivation?

A)Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
B)Expectancy theory
C)Equity theory
D)Goal setting theory
E)Valence theory

Question 20

Paul has a secure,well-paying,but boring job.He gets along well with his boss and his co-workers.Recently,he has put in a bid for several more interesting jobs that have opened up,but each time the job has been given to someone with more seniority.According to Alderfer's ERG theory,Paul will probably

A)seek support and additional attention from his boss and co-workers.
B)continue to pursue a more interesting job indefinitely.
C)exhibit frequent absenteeism.
D)press for higher pay.
E)quit his job and leave the company.

Question 21

According to equity theory,individuals compare themselves with others when determining if the company is treating them fairly.Which of the following comparisons is likely to happen?

A)Men tend to make equity comparisons with men.
B)Men tend to make equity comparisons with women.
C)Men tend to make equity comparisons with both men and women.
D)Women tend to make equity comparisons with men.
E)None of the above

Question 22

Which of the following statements about persons with high need for achievement is least accurate?

A)High need achievers tend to excel in sales jobs.
B)High need achievers tend to seek out performance feedback.
C)High need achievers tend to set extremely difficult goals for themselves.
D)High need for achievement can be acquired through training.
E)High need achievers prefer situations in which they can take personal responsibility for outcomes.

Question 23

In expectancy theory,the valence of first-level outcomes is the sum of the product of

A)second-level valences and expectancies.
B)force and instrumentalities.
C)expectancies and instrumentalities.
D)second-level valences and instrumentalities.
E)second-level instrumentalities and expectancies.

Question 24

How might equity theory explain employee theft?

A)High work expectancies
B)Low need for achievement
C)High work instrumentalities
D)Low work outcomes
E)Low work inputs

Question 25

Cassandra's boss has not had time to clearly explain her new job to her.According to expectancy theory,this should have a direct impact on

A)instrumentality.
B)expectancy.
C)first-level valence.
D)second-level valence.
E)relatedness.

Question 26

Which theory suggests that a social comparison process which affects perceived fairness can have an impact on motivation?

A)ERG theory
B)McClelland's need theory
C)Equity theory
D)Need hierarchy theory
E)Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 27

Maurice sees his organization's performance evaluation system as arbitrary,capricious,and unreliable.In motivational terms,this performance evaluation system has reduced

A)instrumentality.
B)the valence of second-level outcomes.
C)expectancy.
D)the valence of first-level outcomes.
E)both levels of valence.

Question 28

Which motivation theory seems to translate across cultures best?

A)ERG theory
B)Expectancy theory
C)Equity theory
D)Maslow's need hierarchy
E)McClelland's theory of needs

Question 29

The consultant said to a client company "Look,you people offer the highest pay in the industry! If you tied it to performance you'd get some motivational punch." The consultant is saying that

A)expectancy is low.
B)instrumentality is low and second-level valence is high.
C)second-level valence is low and instrumentality is high.
D)expectancy is high.
E)second-level valence is low and instrumentality is low.

Question 30

The manager who tells an employee "I'll recommend you for a promotion if you implement the new system by January" is attempting to strengthen which expectancy theory component?

A)Instrumentality
B)Valence of second-level outcomes
C)Expectancy
D)Needs
E)Relatedness

Question 31

According to equity theory,an underpaid individual would not ________ to achieve equity.

A)accept a job in another organization
B)reduce his or her inputs
C)reduce his or her outcomes
D)perceptually distort his or her inputs or outcomes
E)perceptually distort the inputs or outcomes of a comparison person

Question 32

According to the expectancy theory of motivation,if we find that workers feel that they are unable to perform at a high level,we are dealing with a problem of

A)instrumentality.
B)expectancy.
C)valence.
D)second-level outcomes.
E)relatedness.

Question 33

McClelland's need for affiliation is most closely related to Alderfer's ________ need.

A)resistance
B)existence
C)growth
D)relatedness
E)esteem

Question 34

Mike,a production worker,reports on a research questionnaire that high performance has a valence of 10,average performance a valence of 5,and low performance a valence of 1.Also,he reports that he is certain that he can perform at low or average levels but only 40 percent sure that he can perform at a high level.According to expectancy theory,at which level should Mike perform?

A)High
B)Average
C)Low
D)High if task complexity is low to moderate
E)Instrumentalities are also needed to answer this question.

Question 35

According to the expectancy theory of motivation,if we find that employees don't like the rewards the firm offers,we are dealing with a problem of

A)instrumentality.
B)expectancy.
C)inputs.
D)second-level outcomes.
E)first-level outcomes.

Question 36

A person who is high in need for achievement will tend to favour ________ goals.

A)fairly easy
B)moderately difficult
C)very difficult
D)fairly easy or very difficult
E)moderately easy

Question 37

According to McClelland,which need profile characterizes the most effective managers?

A)High achievement,high affiliation
B)High power,low affiliation
C)High achievement,low power
D)Low affiliation,high achievement
E)High power,high affiliation

Question 38

According to equity theory,the overpaid worker

A)should not experience inequity.
B)may increase inputs to achieve equity.
C)may reduce inputs to achieve equity.
D)may increase outcomes to achieve equity.
E)may reduce inputs and increase outcomes to achieve equity.

Question 39

McClelland's need for affiliation is most closely related to (or an example of)Maslow's ________ needs.

A)belongingness
B)esteem
C)safety
D)self-actualization
E)physiological

Question 40

Which theory of work motivation most explicitly involves a comparison with others?

A)Equity
B)Expectancy
C)ERG
D)Maslow
E)Alderfer

Question 41

Research has found that emotional intelligence

A)does not predict job performance.
B)predicts job performance and academic performance.
C)predicts job performance but not academic performance.
D)does not predict academic performance.
E)predicts academic performance but not job performance.

Question 42

Goals that focus on knowledge and skill acquisition are called

A)process goals.
B)performance goals.
C)task goals.
D)strategy-oriented goals.
E)learning goals.

Question 43

The ability to accurately identify emotions in people's faces and nonverbal behaviour is an example of the

A)management of emotions.
B)understanding of emotions.
C)perception of emotions.
D)use and assimilation of emotions.
E)diagnosis of emotions.

Question 44

Research has found that general cognitive ability

A)predicts learning and training success but not job performance.
B)predicts learning and job performance but not training success.
C)predicts training success and job performance but not learning.
D)does not predict learning,training success,or job performance.
E)predicts learning,training success,and job performance.

Question 45

Sandra is a sales rep working for a bottled water distribution company whose clients are large companies in her city.Each quarter,she meets with her sales manager to jointly set a quarterly (3 month)sales target as well as create a road map of weekly goals to help her reach her quarterly numbers.Her quarterly sales benchmark is a ________ goal and the weekly targets are ________ goals.

A)proximal; distal
B)intrinsic,extrinsic
C)automatic; guided
D)distal; proximal
E)distal; intrinsic

Question 46

Which of the following is most accurate concerning participation in goal setting?

A)Participation in goal setting always increases performance.
B)Participation in goal setting never increases performance.
C)Participation in goal setting sometimes increases performance and sometimes it does not.
D)Participation should never be used for goal setting in a climate of distrust between employees and management.
E)Participation in goal setting almost always results in the setting of less difficult goals.

Question 47

From bottom to top,what is the correct order of Salovey and Mayer's model of emotional intelligence?

A)Perception of emotions; understanding of emotions; use and assimilation of emotions; management of emotions
B)Management of emotions; understanding of emotions; use and assimilation of emotions; perception of emotions
C)Perception of emotions; management of emotions; understanding of emotions; use and assimilation of emotions
D)Perception of emotions; use and assimilation of emotions; understanding of emotions; management of emotions
E)Understanding of emotions; perception of emotions; use and assimilation of emotions; management of emotions

Question 48

In collective cultures it is often observed that groups favour an equality norm for reward allocation.Which theory's motivational premises does this norm most clearly contradict?

A)ERG theory
B)Expectancy theory
C)Equity theory
D)Maslow's need hierarchy
E)McClelland's theory of needs

Question 49

Which of the following is most accurate about the relationship between general cognitive ability and performance?

A)General cognitive ability predicts performance only on mental tasks.
B)General cognitive ability predicts performance only on manual tasks.
C)General cognitive ability does not predict performance.
D)General cognitive ability is a better predictor of performance for more complex tasks.
E)General cognitive ability predicts performance to the same degree on all tasks.

Question 50

Research shows that participation in goal setting

A)can reduce performance by lowering the difficulty of goals that employees adopt.
B)can improve performance by lowering the difficulty of goals that employees adopt.
C)can improve performance by increasing the difficulty of goals that employees adopt.
D)can reduce performance by increasing the difficulty of goals that employees adopt.
E)has no effect at all on performance or goal difficulty.

Question 51

Which of the following is a good practical example of goal challenge?

A)To encourage a D student to set a goal of achieving Cs in the coming semester
B)To encourage a D student to set a goal of achieving Bs in the coming semester
C)To encourage a D student to set a goal of achieving As in the coming semester
D)To encourage a D student to set a goal of achieving Ds in the coming semester
E)It depends on the student.

Question 52

If your goal in this course is to achieve a particular grade,what kind of goal have you set?

A)A challenging goal
B)A learning goal
C)A performance goal
D)An outcome goal
E)A proximal goal

Question 53

Goals that focus attention on the achievement of specific performance outcomes are called

A)learning goals.
B)outcome goals.
C)performance goals.
D)specific goals.
E)challenging goals.

Question 54

Expectancy theory

A)applies across cultures because it was formulated to be explicitly cross-cultural.
B)applies across cultures because of its flexibility.
C)is most relevant to the Western cultures because of its need-based philosophy.
D)is most relevant to North America because of its rigid hierarchy.
E)applies to nearly as many cultures as Maslow's need hierarchy.

Question 55

General cognitive ability predicts

A)learning,training,career success,and job satisfaction.
B)learning,training,job satisfaction,and job performance.
C)motivation,training,job satisfaction,and job performance.
D)learning,training,career success,and job performance.
E)motivation,training,career success,and job performance.

Question 56

Emotional intelligence is especially important in jobs

A)that are complex.
B)that involve mental tasks.
C)that involve social interaction.
D)that involve manual tasks.
E)at higher organizational levels.

Question 57

Being able to calm oneself when angry or lower the anxiety of another person is an example of

A)management of emotions.
B)perception of emotions.
C)understanding of emotions.
D)use and assimilation of emotions.
E)general cognitive ability.

Question 58

A person's overall capacity and efficiency for processing information is called

A)performance.
B)motivation.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)general cognitive ability.
E)intelligence.

Question 59

What is the relationship between monetary incentives in goal setting and performance?

A)Goal setting has led to performance increases without monetary incentives for goal accomplishment.
B)Goal setting has led to performance decreases with monetary incentives for goal accomplishment.
C)Goal setting has led to performance decreases when monetary incentives are not provided for goal accomplishment.
D)Goal setting only leads to performance increases when monetary incentives for goal accomplishment are provided.
E)It depends on the employees and the incentive.

Question 60

What step is the most basic level of emotional intelligence?

A)Use and assimilation of emotions
B)Perception of emotions
C)Understanding of emotions
D)Management of emotions
E)It depends on the situation

Question 61

Process theories of motivation are concerned with

A)how various factors motivate people.
B)why various factors motivate people.
C)when various factors motivate people.
D)what various factors motivate people.
E)what various factors motivate people,and how they motivate people.

Question 62

As a manager,you need to evaluate the performance of your employees.Stan seems to be working hard because he wants to get a pay raise.Sue seems to work hard because she finds her work interesting and fun.What can you say about each of these employees?

A)Stan's motivation is controlled and Sue's motivation is controlled.
B)Stan's motivation is autonomous and Sue's motivation is autonomous.
C)Stan's motivation is controlled and Sue's motivation is autonomous.
D)Stan's motivation is autonomous and Sue's motivation is controlled.
E)Stan's motivation is extrinsic and Sue's motivation is controlled.

Question 63

You have just been hired to perform a job that you have done before and have the ability to perform effectively.What kind of goal should your boss set for you?

A)A specific learning goal
B)A do your best goal
C)A high performance goal and a high learning goal
D)A high performance goal
E)A high learning goal and a low performance goal

Question 64

What is the performance impact of specific,challenging goals?

A)The same for all kinds of jobs
B)Stronger for simple jobs
C)Weaker for simple jobs
D)Stronger for complex jobs
E)Weaker for complex jobs

Question 65

Self-determination theory seeks to determine whether a person's motivation is ________ or ________.

A)autonomous; controlled.
B)need based; extrinsic.
C)expectant; controlled.
D)valent; autonomous.
E)valent; equitable.

Question 66

Motivation means

A)working hard.
B)working smart.
C)working smart as well as working hard.
D)working fast as well as working hard.
E)working hard as well as working soft.

Question 67

You have two good friends who are about to graduate and begin working full-time.Omar wants to open his own small business and Jason wants to be a social worker.According to McClelland's theory of needs,what are the needs of your friends?

A)Omar has a high need for power and Jason has a high need for affiliation.
B)Omar has a high need for power and Jason has a high need for achievement.
C)Omar has a high need for achievement and Jason has a high need for affiliation.
D)Omar has a high need for achievement and Jason has a high need for achievement.
E)Omar has a high need for affiliation and Jason has a high need for power.

Question 68

When a task is novel or complex and individuals need to acquire new knowledge and skills for good performance,which of the following is most accurate?

A)Setting a high performance goal will be most effective.
B)Setting a specific learning goal will be most effective.
C)Setting a high performance goal and a high learning goal will be most effective.
D)Setting a do your best goal will be most effective.
E)Setting a high performance goal and a low learning goal will be most effective.

Question 69

What are the mechanisms of goal setting?

A)Goal specificity,participation,rewards,supportiveness
B)Goal specificity,challenge,effort,persistence
C)Direction,effort,persistence,feedback
D)Goal specificity,challenge,commitment,and feedback
E)Direction,effort,persistence,and task strategies

Question 70

According to Maslow,

A)self-actualization needs become weaker as they are gratified.
B)self-actualization needs become stronger as they are gratified.
C)self-actualization needs are seldom gratified.
D)when self-actualization needs are gratified,physiological needs become motivating.
E)when self-actualization needs are gratified,people are no longer motivated.

Question 71

Which of the following best represents the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance?

A)It predicts job performance above and beyond cognitive ability but not the Big Five personality variables.
B)It does not predict job performance above and beyond cognitive ability or the Big Five personality variables.
C)It predicts job performance above and beyond the Big Five personality variables but not cognitive ability.
D)It predicts job performance above and beyond cognitive ability and the Big Five personality variables.
E)It predicts job performance above and beyond cognitive ability and motivation.

Question 72

N-Ach is an example of

A)belongingness or relatedness need.
B)growth or relatedness need.
C)growth or belongingness need.
D)growth or self-actualization need.
E)growth or self-esteem need.

Question 73

If you are learning a complex task and you do not have the required knowledge and skills,what kind of goal will be most effective for you?

A)Do your best goal
B)Specific and challenging performance goal
C)Specific performance goal
D)Specific high learning goal
E)Specific high performance goal

Question 74

According to one study,the importance of emotional intelligence for job performance depends on one's

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)extrinsic motivation.
C)cognitive ability.
D)controlled motivation.
E)autonomous motivation.

Question 75

You have two co-workers who you like to work with because they are hard workers.Sal says he works hard because of the pay and benefits.Trisha says she works hard because the job gives her feelings of achievement and accomplishment.What can you say about your two co-workers?

A)Sal has intrinsic motivation and Trisha has intrinsic motivation.
B)Sal has extrinsic motivation and Trisha has extrinsic motivation.
C)Sal has autonomous motivation and Trisha has controlled motivation.
D)Sal has intrinsic motivation and Trisha has extrinsic motivation.
E)Sal has extrinsic motivation and Trisha has intrinsic motivation.

Question 76

The ________ theory of motivation seeks to help a person understand whether their motivation is either autonomous or controlled.

A)equity
B)goal setting
C)expectancy
D)ERG
E)self-determination

Question 77

What kind of goals result in more frequent feedback?

A)Learning goals
B)Performance goals
C)Proximal goals
D)Distal goals
E)Specific goals

Question 78

After several months on your new job,you find that your motivation is controlled.What does this mean?

A)You are motivated because you like what you are doing.
B)You are motivated because the boss likes you.
C)You are motivated because you like your boss.
D)You are motivated because of the rewards you receive.
E)You are motivated because you have to be.

Question 79

Emotional intelligence has been found to be most important for the job performance of employees with

A)lower levels of cognitive ability.
B)higher levels of cognitive ability.
C)higher levels of intrinsic motivation.
D)lower levels of intrinsic motivation.
E)higher levels of extrinsic motivation.

Question 80

Need theories of motivation are concerned with

A)how various factors motivate people.
B)why various factors motivate people.
C)when various factors motivate people.
D)what various factors motivate people.
E)what various factors motivate people,and how they motivate people.