Deck 19: Glacial Modification of Terrain

Question 1

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) continental glaciation
B) till plain
C) arete
D) drift
E) glacial erratics

Answer 1

C

Question 2

At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as ________.

A) the Gulf of Mexico
B) Florida
C) Minnesota
D) The Ohio River
E) Montana

Answer 2

D

Question 3

During the Pleistocene, ________ was a time of ice retreat.

A) an interglacial
B) the Holocene
C) Wisconsin time
D) Würm time
E) Kansan time

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which region had the LEAST coverage (square kilometers) of glacial ice during the Pleistocene?

A) Asia
B) South America
C) Greenland
D) North America
E) Africa

Question 5

The Pleistocene Epoch began at least ________.

A) in the 20th century
B) 2.5 million years ago
C) over 20 million years ago
D) in the 1600s A.D.
E) 10,000 years ago

Question 6

The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the ________.

A) Nebraskan
B) Illinoian
C) Wisconsin
D) Kansan
E) Mindel

Question 7

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) outlet glaciers
B) cirque glaciers
C) piedmont glaciers
D) alpine glaciers
E) valley glaciers

Question 8

In square kilometers, which of the following is CLOSEST to the amount of land surface covered by Pleistocene ice?

A) 1 thousand
B) 50 thousand
C) 1 million
D) 50 million
E) 1 billion

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) alpine glaciation
B) cirques
C) eskers
D) nunataks
E) medial moraines

Question 10

At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ________ of the Earth's land surface.

A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 3/4
D) 1/10
E) 4/5

Question 11

Long tongues of ice which surround the margin of continental ice sheets are called ________.

A) periglacials
B) nunataks
C) névé
D) outlet glaciers
E) proglacial glaciers

Question 12

The Pleistocene Epoch ________.

A) completely covered Earth's land surfaces
B) completely covered Earth's water surfaces
C) started about a billion years ago
D) is associated with the Laurentide ice sheet
E) may not yet have ended

Question 13

Continental ice sheets smooth and round the terrain while mountain glaciations tend to ________.

A) leave the terrain undisturbed
B) polish the terrain
C) steepen slopes and increase local relief
D) have similar effects
E) build mountains in the lower latitudes

Question 14

The Driftless Area is in ________.

A) Montana
B) California
C) Texas
D) Florida
E) Wisconsin

Question 15

How many major glacial episodes are included in the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) none
B) two
C) as many as 18 or 19
D) as many as 50 or 60
E) as many as 100 or 150

Question 16

The Earth has been deglaciating for the last ________ years.

A) 900
B) 9,000
C) 90,000
D) 900,000
E) 9,000,000

Question 17

In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non-glaciated area referred to as the ________ Area.

A) Pleistocene
B) Wisconsin Ice Age
C) Driftless
D) Alpine
E) Moraine

Question 18

The Holocene is NOT ________.

A) an epoch in Earth history
B) the present time in Earth history
C) a part of the Pleistocene
D) the part of Earth history that started 10,000 years ago
E) before the Pleistocene in Earth history

Question 19

The time since 10,000 B.P. is most properly known as the ________ epoch.

A) Pleistocene
B) Permian
C) Holocene
D) Wisconsin
E) dinosaur

Question 20

________ was(were) NOT partially covered with substantial by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch.

A) The Andes Mountains of South America
B) Europe
C) North America
D) Australia
E) Antarctica

Question 21

During the last Ice Age, sea level was ________.

A) a few centimeters lower than today's sea level
B) a few centimeters higher than today's sea level
C) the same as today's sea level
D) much lower than today's sea level
E) much higher than today's sea level

Question 22

How many continental ice sheets are in existence?

A) none
B) one
C) two
D) ten
E) too many to count

Question 23

In some places, the crust of the Earth is rising as much as ________ per decade because of crustal adjustment after the Pleistocene ice melted.

A) 2 centimeters
B) 20 centimeters
C) 2 meters
D) 20 meters
E) 2 kilometers

Question 24

In some places, Pleistocene glaciation depressed the Earth's crust as much as ________ meters.

A) 1.2
B) 12
C) 120
D) 1,200
E) 12,000

Question 25

During the Pleistocene, the ________ ice was the most extensive continental ice sheet in the world.

A) Alaskan
B) European
C) North Polar
D) Greenland
E) Laurentide

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a major, recognized glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) Wisconsin
B) Illinoian
C) Kansan
D) Minnesotan
E) Nebraskan

Question 27

After Alaska, ________ is the state with the greatest number of glaciers and greatest amount of surface area covered by glaciers.

A) Montana
B) Minnesota
C) Maine
D) Washington
E) Oklahoma

Question 28

Antarctica's ice sheet encompasses about ________ percent of the world's total land ice.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 55
D) 75
E) 90

Question 29

The world's largest contemporary ice sheet is in ________.

A) Greenland
B) Alaska
C) the Arctic Ocean
D) Antarctica
E) the Himalayas

Question 30

The centers of spread for Pleistocene ice sheets were in ________ latitudes.

A) middle
B) polar
C) tropical
D) all
E) only the Southern Hemisphere

Question 31

Today, more than ________ percent of Earth's surface is affected by periglacial conditions.

A) 100
B) 80
C) 60
D) 20
E) 1

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT found BEHIND a terminal moraine?

A) kettles
B) recessional moraines
C) kames
D) outwash plains
E) drumlins

Question 33

The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the ________ zone.

A) ablation
B) accumulation
C) periglacial
D) moraine
E) névé

Question 34

In Europe the Wisconsin ice advance is known as the "________".

A) French
B) Alpine
C) Würm
D) Stoss
E) Bergschrund

Question 35

The largest contemporary U.S. glacier is in ________.

A) Alaska
B) Hawaii
C) Colorado
D) Wyoming
E) Washington state

Question 36

The Bering Glacier is in the United States. It is located in the state of ________.

A) Colorado
B) North Carolina
C) California
D) North Dakota
E) Alaska

Question 37

The approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is ________ meters.

A) 4
B) 40
C) 400
D) 4,000
E) 40,000

Question 38

Asia was not heavily glaciated in the Pleistocene because of ________.

A) lack of adequate precipitation
B) tropical latitudes
C) warm ocean currents
D) heavy vegetation cover
E) high mountain ranges

Question 39

Which of the following has a contemporary ice sheet?

A) Wyoming
B) Chile
C) The Himalayas
D) Hawaii
E) Greenland

Question 40

According to the map in the textbook, which continent had the greatest total of ice-covered land?

A) Asia
B) North America
C) South America
D) Europe
E) Australia

Question 41

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) ablation
B) glacial growth
C) accumulation
D) equilibrium line
E) periglacial processes

Question 42

According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and ________.

A) Wyoming
B) Minnesota
C) Colorado
D) Florida
E) Maine

Question 43

The ________ is the world's largest ice shelf.

A) Ross Ice Shelf
B) Larsen Ice Shelf
C) Hawaiian Ice Shelf
D) Greenland Ice Shelf
E) Juneau Ice Shelf

Question 44

The following area would appear as a series of islands if it were to lose its glacial ice.

A) Alaska
B) Hawaii
C) California
D) West Antarctica
E) Greenland

Question 45

Antarctica does NOT have ________.

A) large amounts of non-glaciated land
B) 95 percent covered with glacial ice
C) its highest elevations in the west
D) any land surface above sea level
E) its deepest ice in the east

Question 46

The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater, is known as ________.

A) basal slip
B) equilibrium glide
C) glacial flour
D) fjord
E) firn

Question 47

About ________ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antarctica.

A) 4
B) 24
C) 54
D) 84
E) 94

Question 48

Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line?

A) at the terminal moraine
B) at its head
C) near the cirque
D) along the zone of basal slip
E) between the accumulation and ablation zones

Question 49

Where is the Antarctic ice generally deepest?

A) along the coastlines
B) on top of the mountains
C) on the ice shelves
D) in West Antarctica
E) at the South Pole

Question 50

________ is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.

A) Nunataks
B) Névé
C) Cirques
D) Ablation
E) Calcium carbonate

Question 51

Which of the following terms is synonymous for "ablation"?

A) glacier advance
B) glacier equilibrium
C) glacier ablation
D) glacier wastage
E) periglacial processes

Question 52

The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ________ per day.

A) centimeters
B) meters
C) tens of meters
D) kilometers
E) tens of kilometers

Question 53

The ________ physically separates East Antarctica from West Antarctica.

A) Ross Ice Shelf
B) Transantarctic Mountains
C) Antarctic Peninsula
D) Antarctic Ocean
E) Great Ice Sheet

Question 54

A glacier will start to move of its own weight when it reaches a thickness of a few ________.

A) centimeters
B) dozen centimeters
C) meters
D) dozen meters
E) kilometers

Question 55

Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by ________.

A) cyclopean stairs
B) névé
C) medial moraines
D) meltwater
E) gravity

Question 56

The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is the zone of ________.

A) evaporation
B) striation
C) ablation
D) till
E) névé

Question 57

________ is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice.

A) Névé
B) Ablation
C) A cirque
D) An esker
E) A tarn

Question 58

Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers?

A) Cascade Mountains, Washington
B) British Columbia, Canada
C) Appalachian Mountains
D) Central Asia
E) New Zealand

Question 59

In Alaska, most of the contemporary glaciers are found mainly in the ________ portion of the state.

A) northern
B) southern
C) eastern
D) western
E) central

Question 60

Snow is changed by ________ into glacial ice.

A) rain
B) basal slip
C) ablation
D) pressure and weathering
E) millions of years of time

Question 61

Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as ________.

A) till
B) drumlin
C) roche moutonnee
D) striations
E) kettles

Question 62

The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ________.

A) ablation
B) accumulation
C) periglacial
D) abrasion
E) basal slip

Question 63

Glaciers often polish rock to form grooves and smaller, similar features called ________.

A) paternosters
B) till
C) drumlins
D) finger lakes
E) striations

Question 64

The flow of glaciers is best described as ________.

A) erratic
B) turbulent
C) nocturnal
D) non-erosive
E) corrosive

Question 65

________ tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.

A) Abrasion
B) Plucking
C) Ablation
D) Quarrying
E) Corrosion

Question 66

Glacial runoff primarily occurs ________.

A) as ice in the winter
B) at night
C) after heavy snows
D) in the daytime
E) in the zone of accumulation

Question 67

Most of the material carried by a glacier is moved at the ________.

A) sides
B) bottom
C) surface
D) middle
E) front of the terminal moraine

Question 68

The main sediment type carried by streams in glacial regions is ________.

A) nunatak
B) glacial flour
C) stoss
D) ablation
E) névé

Question 69

The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by ________.

A) erratics
B) plucking
C) ablation
D) firn
E) abrasion

Question 70

It is estimated that ________ percent of all contemporary erosion is accomplished by glaciers.

A) 0
B) 7
C) 43
D) 76
E) nearly 100

Question 71

Drift is ________.

A) glacial flour
B) the same thing as a moraine
C) the combination of a cirque and a horn
D) an erosional feature
E) a term which is a misnomer out of biblical literature

Question 72

In a roche moutonnee, the ________ side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling.

A) lee
B) fill
C) stoss
D) striation
E) bottom

Question 73

Which of the following is FALSE?

A) Most rock debris is found near the bottom of a glacier.
B) Glacial flour comes out of the terminus of a glacier.
C) Glacial debris is rarely larger than one meter across.
D) A glacier moves its load downvalley at varying speeds depending upon conditions.
E) The middle of a mountain glacier tends to move faster than the edges.

Question 74

Today, Antarctic ice shelves are ________.

A) tiny
B) gone
C) collapsing
D) bigger than in Pleistocene time
E) extending close to South America

Question 75

Which of the following glacial landforms is composed of bedrock?

A) a nunatak
B) an esker
C) a lateral moraine
D) a valley train
E) a drumlin

Question 76

The longest recorded glacial advance in 24 hours was on the order of ________.

A) 3 centimeters
B) 30 centimeters
C) 3 meters
D) 30 meters
E) 300 meters

Question 77

If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt, sea level would ________.

A) lower slightly
B) rise slightly
C) stay about the same
D) lower significantly
E) rise significantly

Question 78

Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed ________.

A) kettles
B) kames
C) aretes
D) eskers
E) outwash plains

Question 79

The Finger Lakes Region of upstate New York is a prime example of ________

A) hanging valleys
B) U-shaped troughs
C) piedmont glaciers
D) contemporary glaciation
E) polished bedrock surfaces

Question 80

A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) ________.

A) cirque
B) till
C) nunatak
D) outwash plain
E) erratic