Deck 14: Medicine: an Anatomy of Health and Illness

Question 1

The statement, "Through the labeling process, behaviors that were once seen as criminal or 'bad' are now defined as illness" most closely reflects:

A) Rational choice theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Symbolic interaction theory
D) Functionalist theory

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A study on how the SARS virus spread throughout Asia due to airline travel and cultural values about preventing disease is a:

A) Micro-level study
B) Meso-level study
C) Meta-level study
D) Global-level study

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The statement, "The primary task of the medical profession is to control illness and prevent individuals from being unable to perform their social roles" most closely reflects:

A) Conflict theory
B) Functionalist theory
C) Feminist theory
D) Symbolic interaction theory

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The statement, "In recent years, the definition of illness has expanded to encompass substance abuse and some forms of deviant behavior" most closely reflects:

A) Medicalization of illness
B) Conflict theory
C) Functionalism
D) Feminist theory

Question 5

The statement, "The purpose of the health care system is to maintain social structure and a harmonious balance between individuals and institutions in society" most closely reflects:

A) Symbolic interaction theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Functionalist theory
D) Feminist theory

Question 6

Eva wants to study the way that a major epidemic illness affects the educational and governmental institutions in a society. Eva is likely taking a:

A) Symbolic interactionist perspective
B) Functionalist perspective
C) Conflict perspective
D) Feminist perspective

Question 7

In the mid-20th century, the American Psychological Association (APA) considered homosexuality a disease. Since that time, the APA has reversed its stance. Homosexuality has become:

A) Labeled
B) Medicalized
C) Demedicalized
D) Delabeled

Question 8

According to the text, the role of the curandero combines elements of healer and:

A) Priest
B) Psychologist
C) Leader
D) None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following statements represents an argument in favor of euthanasia?

A) Medical measures are available to relieve pain.
B) Religious beliefs affirm the sanctity of life.
C) Extending life with no hope of recovery is costly.
D) Terminally ill patients may be active out of depression.

Question 10

What is an argument in favor of euthanasia?

A) Physicians have the ability to help terminally ill patients die in comfort.
B) Terminally ill people have the right to decide how and when they die.
C) Legal safeguards prevent abuse of physician-assisted suicide.
D) All of the above are arguments.

Question 11

Jill is the school's baseball coach. Jill sees Michael, one of her baseball players, having fun at the mall with his friends after missing practice due to illness. Because Michael's behavior did not conform to his sick role, Jill concludes that he was faking and makes him run laps at the next practice. Jill just utilized the __________ approach.

A) Symbolic interactionist
B) Conflict
C) Ecological
D) Feminist

Question 12

Which of the following is not a requirement of the sick role?

A) The sick person relaxes and enjoys resting while recovering.
B) The sick person is excused from normal social responsibility in order to get well.
C) The illness is not the sick person's fault.
D) The sick person is expected to seek competent medical help.

Question 13

A study of the ways in which menopause has become medicalized would most likely use:

A) Symbolic interaction theory
B) Rational choice theory
C) Functionalism
D) Feminist theory

Question 14

The medicalization of certain human behaviors is most closely associated with:

A) Rational choice theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Functionalist theory
D) Symbolic interaction theory

Question 15

In sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is very common and continues to spread rapidly. In sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is most accurately described as a(n):

A) Epidemic
B) Pandemic
C) Medical crisis
D) Country-level problem

Question 16

A study of the ways that health care is affected by the political party that is in power would be a:

A) Micro-level study
B) Meso-level study
C) Macro-level study
D) Global-level study

Question 17

Which of the following statements about Oregon's euthanasia law is false?

A) Doctors have to wait 60 days before complying with the patient's wishes.
B) Two or more doctors must agree that the patient has six or fewer months to live.
C) The patient must ask to die at three different times, the last time in writing.
D) None of the above

Question 18

Alistair wants to study the safety violations that have occurred in Taiwan by a prominent United States-based company where three workers have died because of a lack of safety equipment so that the company could earn a larger profit. Alistair is likely taking a:

A) Symbolic interactionist perspective
B) Functionalist perspective
C) Conflict perspective
D) Feminist perspective

Question 19

Sal has stage 3 cancer. He has been able to return to his home from the hospital but must use a ventilator and numerous medications for the rest of his life. Sal's condition is known as:

A) Terminality
B) Medical futility
C) End-stage care
D) Active euthanasia

Question 20

The statement, "Multinational companies that build plants in the poor Global South provide examples of the profit motive's influence on health conditions" most closely reflects:

A) Conflict theory
B) Functionalism
C) Feminist theory
D) Symbolic interaction theory

Question 21

The new Obama administration health care plan includes all but which of the following:

A) Voting in reforms one at a time
B) Providing insurance for those 26 and under
C) Covering all individuals, including those with preexisting conditions
D) All of the above

Question 22

About 80% of the budget for Medicare goes toward the final year of life.

Question 23

After the American Medical Association (AMA) was established, it became the means to gain legitimacy and power of health care practice. As a result, only one health approach, ________________, was granted legitimacy.

A) Homeopathy
B) Osteopathy
C) Allopathy
D) Midwifery

Question 24

Which of the following is true about the new health care plan in the United States?

A) The number of uninsured Americans is gradually decreasing.
B) Insurance companies allow doctors to determine which services are medically necessary and how much they will be reimbursed.
C) Individuals cannot be discriminated against because of preexisting conditions unless it is a result of obesity or smoking.
D) All of the above

Question 25

The concept of a "good death" involves aiding the dying individual by prescribing or administering a lethal dose of drugs to patients who request it.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about gender patterns in Western cultures is false?

A) Women report more health problems than men.
B) Men use more emergency services than women
C) Men take more medications than women.
D) Women use more physician services than men.

Question 27

How is health care financed in China?

A) Patient fees
B) Health insurance
C) Governmental aid
D) All of the above

Question 28

According to the text, managed care tries to integrate two goals, efficiency and:

A) High-profit margins
B) High-quality care
C) High-turnaround rates
D) None of the above

Question 29

Which type of health care does the government regulate, but not operate?

A) Socialized medicine
B) Decentralized national health care
C) PPOs
D) HMOs

Question 30

Labeling some behaviors as illnesses can be beneficial for patients' care.

Question 31

Which of the following about the British health care system is true?

A) Public opinion about the age of health care facilities is becoming increasingly negative.
B) All citizens have access to free health care.
C) Regional gatekeepers assign individuals to physicians.
D) Citizens never pay for private health care services.

Question 32

Paul Starr's book, The Transformation of American Medicine, illustrates two long movements in American medicine, including:

A) The rise of medicine as a professional career and the rise of socialist health care
B) The rise of socialist health care and rise of professional sovereignty in medicine
C) An increase in osteopathic methods and an increase in medical technology
D) The rise of professional sovereignty and the expansions of corporate and state influence

Question 33

Labeling theory, as applied to the study of health and illness, is most closely associated with the functionalist perspective.

Question 34

Approximately what percentage of health care costs in the United States goes to its administration?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 35

Which of the following is not a predicted trend in U.S. health care?

A) PPOs will increase and HMOs will decrease.
B) Computer technology in treatments and medication will increase.
C) Employers will cover greater shares of health care costs.
D) Debates will reemerge about national health care as greater shares of older Americans need more care.

Question 36

All of the following countries have socialized medicine systems except:

A) Israel
B) Canada
C) France
D) Sweden

Question 37

All of the following countries have decentralized health care systems except:

A) Germany
B) Japan
C) The Netherlands
D) Great Britain

Question 38

Meso-level analyses of health are concerned, in part, with how other institutions affect health care.

Question 39

Tyson lives in a large urban city. Recently, the medical clinic that treated Tyson and his family closed and reopened as a big, fancy clinic in the suburbs. Tyson's story is an illustration of:

A) Discrimination
B) Corporatization
C) Maldistribution of services
D) Medical atrophy

Question 40

Key international markers often measure the status of a nation's health and medical care. Which of the following represent the two health markers discussed in the text?

A) Infant mortality and death rates
B) Birth and death rates
C) Life expectancy and infant mortality
D) Fecundity and life expectancy

Question 41

Decentralized health programs provide a government-supported consumer service with equal access to health care for all citizens of a country.

Question 42

While women report more health problems than men, men are more likely to be hospitalized than women.

Question 43

Men are more likely to use emergency medical services than women.

Question 44

African Americans have shorter survival times than whites at all stages of cancer diagnosis.

Question 45

Health care systems are major employers in most affluent nations.

Question 46

Tyler missed his sociology exam. Later that week, he went to his professor and said that he missed the exam because of his illness. According to Parsons's sick role theory, the professor should punish Tyler for being sick.

Question 47

Research studies have found no differences in the ways people of different ethnic backgrounds respond to pain.

Question 48

Functionalists argue that social norms define what counts as illness and how to treat it.

Question 49

Pain is a universal experience.

Question 50

Infant mortality is lower among minority infants than other groups because of the minority group's access to governmental assistance programs.

Question 51

Sociologists view illness as primarily a physical disorder.

Question 52

According to the sick role, a person with a terrible hangover would not be legitimately excused from the individual's normal roles and responsibilities.

Question 53

In decentralized national health programs, the government operates the health care system but it does not regulate it.

Question 54

According to your text, the United States does not have socialized medicine.

Question 55

According to the text, in the United States medical services are distributed according to the needs of the people.

Question 56

Critics of managed care argue that health care is a human right.

Question 57

Differential access is a key theme in conflict theorists' approach to health issues.

Question 58

According to the text, functional theorists focus primarily on the micro level of the health care system.

Question 59

Sweden, Norway, and Israel are examples of countries that have socialized medicine.

Question 60

The American Medical Association formed only after physicians became a very high status group.

Question 61

The international sale of body parts on the black market is a macro-level problem.

Question 62

Barefoot doctors are common in Great Britain.

Question 63

Define and explain what is meant by medicalization. Provide examples.

Question 64

According to predicted trends in health care, hospitals will continue to grow.

Question 65

It is predicted that employers will shift increasing shares of health care costs to their employees.

Question 66

Define and explain what is meant by "Complementary and Alternative Medicines" or CAM. Provide examples.

Question 67

The density and mobility of the world's population has little to no impact on human health.

Question 68

Define and explain what is meant by allopathy.

Question 69

Compare and contrast socialized and decentralized national health care programs.

Question 70

Explain the feminist theory of health and illness. Provide evidence from the text that the medical establishment treats men and women differently.

Question 71

Explain how macro-level policies have affected the Cuban health care system. What can you, as a student, do to fix this problem?

Question 72

According to the text, over half of adults in the United States use some form of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM).

Question 73

List and briefly discuss two arguments in favor of and two arguments against euthanasia.

Question 74

Medicine practiced by the dominant groups of physicians in Western societies is known as homeopathy.

Question 75

Briefly define and describe countryside doctors and the role they have in China's health care system.

Question 76

About 80 million U.S. citizens are uninsured because of cost or preexisting conditions.

Question 77

In the future, it is expected that hospital employees will need to be first responders in bioterrorism situations.

Question 78

Hospitals have been compared to bureaucracies. What are the similarities between the two?

Question 79

To stem the AIDS problem in Africa, American pharmaceutical companies lobbied for laws that would make AIDS medicine more affordable.

Question 80

List and briefly discuss two of the three proposals for reform of the U.S. health care system presented in the text. Which do you favor and why?