Deck 15: Population and Urbanization: Living on Spaceship Earth

Question 1

The sex ratio does not tell researchers:

A) How many women are potentially able to give birth
B) The number of people who can support the dependent members of a population
C) The number of potential eligible spouses in a society
D) The number of males to females in the population

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Malthus's solution for decreasing population is:

A) Delaying marriage and sex until one can afford a family
B) Governmental aid for poor families
C) An overthrow of the capitalist system
D) Better sex education in schools

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not an assumption that Thomas Malthus makes in his theory of population?

A) Population increases geometrically but food supplies can only reproduce arithmetically.
B) Humans have a natural drive to reproduce.
C) Checks on population should be imposed or famine will result.
D) The poor are not responsible for their situations.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The study of human populations is known as:

A) Demography
B) Urbanization
C) Populogy
D) Urban ecology

Question 5

Tia is interested in studying the way that farm families decide how many children to have. She feels that the number of workers needed to sustain the farm will relate to the number of children that families have, with those needing more workers having more children. Which of the following theories is Tia likely using?

A) Demographic transition
B) Conflict
C) Wealth flow
D) Malthusian

Question 6

The birth rate is also referred to as ____________ and the death rate is also known as _____________.

A) Fecundity, mortality
B) Fertility, morbidity
C) Fertility, mortality
D) Fecundity, morbidity

Question 7

A primary criticism of demographic transition theory is that:

A) It fails to consider the social consequences of population growth.
B) It assumes that modernization will lead to rational choices about family size.
C) It ignores the role of improvements in health and sanitation.
D) All of the above

Question 8

Country X has outlawed the use of contraceptives by married couples. Country X's policy is:

A) Pronatalist
B) Antinatalist
C) Push-pull
D) Malthusian

Question 9

The statement, "Inequitable distribution and control of resources is at the heart of the population problem" most closely reflects:

A) Functionalist theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Demographic transition theory
D) Rational choice theory

Question 10

Since the 1960s, internal migration in the United States has been toward the:

A) North and west
B) East and south
C) West and south
D) North and east

Question 11

In city Y, 100 babies were born and 75 people died this year. The natural increase rate in city Y is:

A) 100 divided by 75
B) 100 minus 75
C) 75 plus 100
D) 75 divided by 100

Question 12

Big City, USA, has a population of 1.3 million people. The citizens of Big City rely on laws for order, maintain formal relationships, and base their lives on their incomes. The inhabitants of Big City do not know how to grow food, share common values, or maintain strong family ties. According to Tonnies, Big City is a(n):

A) Gemeinschaft
B) Gesellschaft
C) Theoretical ideal
D) Example of organic solidarity

Question 13

Which of the following is a pull factor in migration?

A) War
B) Jobs
C) Political conflicts
D) Economic crises

Question 14

Monica is investigating the ways that poverty is dealt with in socialist and capitalist societies. She predicts that socialist societies will be more likely than capitalist societies to expand to find jobs for poor citizens. Which of the following theories is Monica likely using?

A) Demographic transition
B) Conflict
C) Wealth flow
D) Symbolic interactionist

Question 15

Although women are having fewer children than ever before in country X, the population is expected to continue growing for another 20 years. How is this possible?

A) Below population replacement levels
B) Population momentum
C) Zero Population Growth
D) A rapid change in the dependency ratio

Question 16

If the youth dependency ratio is 9 out of every 20 people under 15 years of age in country X, then which of the following is most likely true about country X?

A) The youth population of country X is very young and dependent.
B) The population of country X is mostly middle-aged.
C) The sex ratio is skewed.
D) The age ratio shows more males than females.

Question 17

The youth dependency ratio is the:

A) Number of children under age 5 to the number between 5 and 18
B) Number of children under age 15 to the number between 15 and 64
C) Number of children under age 15 to the number between 15 and 21
D) Number of children under age 10 to the number between 10 and 34

Question 18

Which of the following would have the most potential to undermine Malthus's theory?

A) Despite technological advances in food production, food supplies continue to increase arithmetically.
B) The consumption patterns of industrialized nations lead to poverty in developing nations.
C) Rapid population growth always leads to poverty and famine.
D) Contraceptive techniques are not effective in slowing population growth.

Question 19

In country Z, both birth rates and death rates are high. Country Z is most likely in __________ of the demographic transition.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 20

Which of the following is a positive check on population, according to Malthusian theory?

A) War
B) Birth control
C) Greater education for women
D) A booming economy

Question 21

Epidemics and wars are positive checks on population according to Malthus.

Question 22

Which of the following countries became the first truly urban nation in the world in 1870?

A) China
B) The United States
C) Great Britain
D) France

Question 23

How would Geog Simmel explain city dwellers?

A) City dwellers become insensitive and avoid intense relationships to protect their privacy.
B) City dwellers become sophisticated and depersonalize others to cope with living in a high-density, heterogeneous area.
C) City dwellers are strengthened by living in the city because intimate subgroups develop among those who share similar activities or traits.
D) All of the above

Question 24

Cities that are the spatial merging of other cities along major transportation corridors are known as:

A) Megacities
B) Megalopolises
C) Indigenous cities
D) Dual cities

Question 25

How would Claude Fischer explain city dwellers and city life?

A) City dwellers become insensitive and avoid intense relationships to protect their privacy.
B) City dwellers become sophisticated and depersonalize others to cope with living in a high-density, heterogeneous area.
C) City life strengthens social groups, promotes diverse subcultures, and encourages intimate social circles.
D) None of the above

Question 26

The number of people older than age 64 compared with those between 15 and 64 is called the youth dependency ratio.

Question 27

The housing model by which residents control their own housing by, for example, living in cooperatives and rental buildings that they manage is called the:

A) Harlem household model
B) Hull household model
C) Cooperative household model
D) Community household model

Question 28

Which of the following is predicted to have the most impact on urban planning in the future?

A) Migration of people to cities will continue.
B) International boundaries of countries will become more controlled.
C) Economic systems will continue to be based on physical labor.
D) Squatters will move from rural areas to areas around cities. .

Question 29

According to the text, which of the following megacities is the largest in the world?

A) Calcutta, India
B) Tokyo, Japan
C) Sao Paulo, Brazil
D) Mexico City, Mexico

Question 30

A city that includes a Westernized city next to a more traditional one is known as a:

A) New city
B) Megalopolis
C) Indigenous city
D) Dual city

Question 31

City Z used to have a bustling downtown area. However, when the major corporation left town, the downtown area became run down and was known as the "bad" part of town. Recently, young professionals have been buying old, run-down downtown homes and restoring the grandeur of the old properties. City Z is currently:

A) A "new town"
B) An industrial city
C) A postindustrial city
D) Gentrifying

Question 32

According to Durkheim, New York City would be characterized by:

A) Gentrification
B) Gemeinschaft
C) Mechanical solidarity
D) Organic solidarity

Question 33

According to the text, the population explosion began with the end of the feudal period in Europe and beginning of industrialization in developing countries and spread around the globe.

Question 34

Which of the following increases the level of delinquency in a city?

A) An increasing number of children
B) A high number of social services
C) Poverty and anomie
D) A low number of children and teens

Question 35

Which of the following is not true about neighborhoods in large cities where many are from similar backgrounds or groups?

A) Neighborhoods meet most of the needs of their residents.
B) Most residents in neighborhoods are heterogeneous.
C) There is a high degree of social interaction among residents.
D) Symbolic commitment in neighborhoods is usually high.

Question 36

The area between Boston and Washington D.C., sometimes called "Boswash," is an example of a:

A) Megacity
B) Metropolis
C) Megalopolis
D) Micropolis

Question 37

The movement of populations to cities is known as urbanization.

Question 38

How would Louis Wirth explain city dwellers?

A) City dwellers become insensitive and avoid intense relationships to protect their privacy.
B) City dwellers become sophisticated and depersonalize others to cope with living in a high-density, heterogeneous area.
C) City dwellers are strengthened by living in the city because intimate subgroups develop among those who share similar activities or traits.
D) All of the above

Question 39

Which of the following sociologists argued that two factors-intensity and stimulation-cause city people to have different attitudes, beliefs, and values than those in rural areas?

A) Erving Goffman
B) Georg Simmel
C) Louis Wirth
D) Claude Fischer

Question 40

The world's population doubles every 102 years.

Question 41

Thomas Malthus's population theory has been critiqued for being ethnocentric.

Question 42

Religious conflicts are a push factor in migration.

Question 43

Average fertility rates are lower in developed Global North countries than they are in Global South countries.

Question 44

If a country wants to control population growth, raising the status of women is key.

Question 45

Neo-Malthusians favor the reliance on moral restraint rather than contraception as a means to control population growth.

Question 46

Japan's policies are considered antinatalist.

Question 47

Walnut Grove, a small town in Kansas in 1880, featured one church/school, one town doctor, and one store. The 50 residents all knew one another and frequently worked together. This community is characterized by Gesellschaft.

Question 48

The U.S. infant mortality rate is the lowest among all Global North countries.

Question 49

Mechanical solidarity was Durkheim's term for the glue that held a society together through shared beliefs, values, and traditions.

Question 50

By the year 2035, 20% of the population in the United States is estimated to be over 65.

Question 51

An amazing 30% of the world's population is "on the go" (migrating) each year.

Question 52

Economic development generally results in a decline in the birth rate.

Question 53

China's antinatalist policy has been in effect since 1962.

Question 54

According to the text, the most important demographic processes are fertility, mortality, and migration.

Question 55

Because of their widespread availability, less than 1 million women around the world lack access to contraceptives.

Question 56

According to the text, to raise a child to 17 years in the United States costs more than $800,000.

Question 57

Because having children is such a personal choice, government propaganda does not have an impact on the national fertility rate.

Question 58

The land and resources of a country affect population size.

Question 59

According to the text, women make up a larger proportion of legal immigrants seeking economic opportunities in the United States.

Question 60

According to demographic transition theory, during the second stage of development, populations have high birth and death rates that tend to balance each other over time.

Question 61

Define and describe what is meant by communities, as defined in the text. Provide examples.

Question 62

List and explain five factors that can affect population size.

Question 63

In the text, Japan was described as a "graying" population. What does that term mean? What can the United States do to avoid the same fate as Japan?

Question 64

Between 1940 and 2000, the number of urban areas in the United States decreased.

Question 65

Explain three stages of demographic transition theory.

Question 66

Briefly compare and contrast industrial and postindustrial cities.

Question 67

Louis Wirth called behaviors of urban dwellers civil inattention.

Question 68

The concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are associated with Émile Durkheim.

Question 69

Cities with more than 10 million people are known as megacities.

Question 70

Among the first sociologists in the United States were urban scholars who studied problems in the city of Chicago.

Question 71

List and briefly discuss at least two of the four characteristics of neighborhoods presented in the text.

Question 72

Compare and contrast Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Provide an example of each.

Question 73

In the United States, rural areas have fewer than 1,000 persons per square mile.

Question 74

Compare and contrast mechanical and organic solidarity. Provide an example of each.

Question 75

Most employees in industrial cities work in the service sector.

Question 76

Industrialization is the transformation from traditional, mostly agrarian communities to contemporary, bureaucratized states.

Question 77

Ethnic enclaves are only found in African American inner-city neighborhoods.

Question 78

Explain the push-pull theory of migration, and provide examples of each.

Question 79

The creation of a rationally based consumer society based on major Western trends is known as McDonaldization.

Question 80

List and briefly discuss at least three of the six global trends that affect urban planning.