Deck 9: Gender Stratification: Shehewho Goes First

Question 1

Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men who started the job at the same time she did have been promoted several levels while she has only received one promotion. Irene may be experiencing:

A) The glass ceiling
B) The sticky floor
C) The glass escalator
D) Gender scapegoating

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The term ________________ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender."

A) intersexed
B) gender identity
C) transgender
D) transvestite

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs are known as the:

A) Glass ceiling
B) Sticky floor
C) Glass escalator
D) Sticky elevator

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is:

A) Gender role behavior
B) Sex role development
C) Gender identification
D) Gender socialization

Question 5

Which of the following statements about gender and the mass media is false?

A) Video games that dehumanize women teach and perpetuate stereotypes about women.
B) Most of the smart, confident, and brave women depicted in media are also thin and have large breasts.
C) Women in soap operas and ads are often depicted as having problems in carrying out their role responsibilities.
D) Women who are quite large or obese are almost entirely depicted as positive role models.

Question 6

Based on the work that has been done in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women?

A) Encourage proportional representation.
B) Become a more patriarchal culture.
C) End all quota and affirmative action systems.
D) Discourage women from applying for lower-level offices.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the selection of names for children is true?

A) Girls are more often given strong, hard names that end in consonants.
B) Boys' names are given to girls only when the names are feminized.
C) A name that is traditionally for males may for a time be given to either sex, then preferred for girls.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 8

The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called:

A) Sex
B) Gender identity
C) Sex status
D) Sexuality

Question 9

Which country has the lowest percentage of women in national politics?

A) Denmark
B) Norway
C) The United States
D) Rwanda

Question 10

A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women is:

A) Gender
B) Sex
C) Sexuality
D) Sexual orientation

Question 11

Which of the following is the clearest example of childhood gender socialization?

A) Taking children on a trip to Disneyworld
B) Not allowing girls to play in the mud because girls are not supposed to get dirty
C) Encouraging children to do math
D) Reading a story to one's son

Question 12

Social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility are known as the:

A) Glass ceiling
B) Sticky floor
C) Glass escalator
D) Sticky elevator

Question 13

According to most sociologists, gender roles are:

A) Socially constructed
B) Created by human beings
C) Designed to meet the needs of each society
D) All of the above

Question 14

According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being:

A) Competitive and good listeners
B) Passive and likely to erase the board
C) Obedient and passive
D) Obedient and strategic thinkers

Question 15

Which of the following statements about gender roles is false?

A) Gender roles are socially constructed.
B) Gender roles are designed to meet the needs of each society.
C) Gender roles are created by human beings.
D) Gender roles are the same throughout the world.

Question 16

In which of the following ways are women and girls portrayed in many children's books?

A) Working in the workplace
B) Engaging in active play
C) Helping fathers and brothers
D) Being strong and assertive

Question 17

About 1.7% of babies are born with "anomalies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" and are otherwise known as:

A) Transgendered
B) Intersexed
C) Transvestites
D) Multisexed

Question 18

According to the text, women hold what percentage of top corporate jobs?

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 19

The more hours a child spends watching television and/or utilizing electronic devices, the greater the likelihood is that the child will be:

A) Violent
B) Delinquent
C) Academically deficient
D) Overweight

Question 20

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate?

A) Sexual expectations
B) Gender identity
C) Gender roles
D) Sexual orientation

Question 21

About 10% of babies are born with ambiguous genitalia.

Question 22

Zari was a successful lawyer who has a 5-year-old daughter. Since her daughter entered school, Zari's career has suffered. Zari was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, demands that Zari pick up her daughter from school when she is ill, and Zari's boss expects her to never leave work. The nurse refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing:

A) De jure discrimination
B) Side-effect discrimination
C) Past-in-present discrimination
D) Ethnocentric discrimination

Question 23

Puja decides to make a change and cut her hair very short. To maintain her feminine look, she wears a dress, big earrings, and lots of makeup. Puja is:

A) Naturalizing
B) Passing for female
C) Doing sex
D) Doing gender

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Homophobia highly correlates with a belief in traditional gender roles.
B) Homosexuality is a privileged status in society.
C) Homophobia is a result of modernization.
D) Homosexuality is a recent phenomenon.

Question 25

Gender norms differ across nations. Which of the following statements about gender inequality is true?

A) In some countries, a fetus may be aborted if it is found to be a girl.
B) High heels are designed to limit female mobility.
C) Most modern gender stratification is not intentional.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

A) A man refuses to offer an older woman his seat on the bus.
B) Women are expected to change their names when they marry and questioned if they do not.
C) Two women are fired because their employer hates the fact that they are pregnant.
D) Sarah earns less money than Paul for doing the exact same job.

Question 27

Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by (the):

A) Xeno syndrome
B) Superwoman image
C) Beauty image
D) Gender privilege

Question 28

The statement "By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources" most closely reflects:

A) Symbolic interaction theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Structural-functional theory
D) Rational choice theory

Question 29

Sociologists argue that gender identity is learned and created.

Question 30

The statement "Patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

A) Structural-functionalist
B) World systems
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Feminist

Question 31

According to a recent study of 26 nations, the United States ranked _____________ for women's employment conditions.

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 12th
D) 14th

Question 32

Persons with ambiguous genitalia are known as bisexual.

Question 33

___________________ are interested in how physical differences between men and women come to be symbols that result in different social rights and rewards.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Functionalists
C) Interactionists
D) Exchange theorists

Question 34

The statement "Each sex plays a complementary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

A) Structural-functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Feminist

Question 35

__________________ focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle.

A) Homophobia
B) Heterosexism
C) Heterophobia
D) Xenophobia

Question 36

Discrimination practices that are no longer allowed but continue to affect people today are:

A) De jure discrimination
B) De malo discrimination
C) Side-effect discrimination
D) Past-in-present discrimination

Question 37

The statement "Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles" most closely reflects:

A) Feminist theory
B) Symbolic interaction theory
C) Structural-functional theory
D) Conflict theory

Question 38

Discrimination done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men is:

A) De jure discrimination
B) De facto discrimination
C) De malo discrimination
D) Jim Crow discrimination

Question 39

Jackson's professor said, "Without a doubt, humans are affected by society and are able to affect society." His professor just explained the principle of:

A) Reactionism
B) Homophobia
C) Human agency
D) Social ignorance

Question 40

The statement "Gender is socially constructed" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

A) Structural-functional
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interaction
D) Feminist

Question 41

According to the text, the nation with the highest percentage of women in the national parliament or congress is Denmark.

Question 42

Title XIII legislates equality for women in the workplace.

Question 43

As adults, the roles we play in various social institutions depend greatly on our sex and age.

Question 44

According to the text, women around the world make up 40% of the world's paid workforce and own 20% of the world's means of production.

Question 45

Women are never privileged in micro-level interactions.

Question 46

Every workplace with women has a gendered configuration.

Question 47

How we experience our bodies individually and in relation to others is known as sexuality.

Question 48

Mass media are major agents of socialization into gender roles.

Question 49

Women's reduced power in micro-level settings often relates to their lack of power in meso-level organizations and institutions.

Question 50

Northern European countries are world leaders when it comes to gender equity in government.

Question 51

According to the text, women's athletic programs and scholarship opportunities have now surpassed those of men.

Question 52

According to recent studies, girls perform less well than boys in the field of math.

Question 53

Many men receive privileges in society that they did not request and of which they may not even be aware.

Question 54

According to the text, toys and games prepare children through anticipatory socialization for future gender roles.

Question 55

The fact that the only female in a boardroom is almost always expected to make coffee, even if she is a high-level executive, is a form of institutionalized gender discrimination.

Question 56

The gender norms are the same across all cultures.

Question 57

Today, stereotypes of women in a majority of societies label feminine behaviors as proactive, assertive, and competitive.

Question 58

The Internet is a way to break down gender barriers because women and men use it in equal amounts and in equal ways.

Question 59

Many major religious groups have added modern branches in addition to their traditional and fundamentalist groups.

Question 60

Mary is fired for wearing skirts that are too short to conform to her office dress code. This is a form of institutionalized gender discrimination.

Question 61

Gender is biological in nature; sex is socially constructed.

Question 62

Name one meso-level agent of socialization that teaches children about normalized gender roles. How does this agent socialize children into masculine or feminine roles?

Question 63

Compare and contrast homophobia and heterosexism. Provide examples.

Question 64

Only radical feminist theories argue for bringing about a new and equal ordering of gender relationships to eliminate the patriarchy and sexism of current gender-stratification systems.

Question 65

Images of models in magazines and on television can lead to the "beauty image" problem.

Question 66

Define and describe the term "heteronormativity." Provide examples.

Question 67

How can men be victims of gender discrimination? Use information from the text in your answer.

Question 68

What is "doing gender"? Name and explain one instance in which you or a close friend "did gender."

Question 69

Thio is a sociologist who is studying the way that female football players construct their gender identities. Thio is likely using conflict theory.

Question 70

Compare and contrast gender and sex. Provide one example of each.

Question 71

From a structural-functional perspective, each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and institutions of society.

Question 72

Expressive roles are more expected in the private sphere, while instrumental roles are more expected in the public sphere.

Question 73

Describe how past-in-present discrimination has affected women. Include concrete examples in your answer.

Question 74

Media images have little to no impact on how we see ourselves.

Question 75

What is the difference between de jure and de facto discrimination? Provide at least one example each of de jure and de facto gender discrimination.

Question 76

Women are considered a minority group.

Question 77

According to the text, how does anticipatory socialization impact future gender roles? Provide examples.

Question 78

Discuss what gender messages may be transmitted by the toys that girls and boys play with as they are growing up. Give two specific examples.

Question 79

In the United States, women are using the Internet to reinforce their private lives and men are using the Internet to engage in the public sphere.

Question 80

A hunter-gatherer society is most likely held together by organic solidarity.