Deck 4: Taking Notes

Question 1

The onset of REM sleep ________ the release of neurotransmitters called ________.

A) increases; endorphins
B) decreases; endorphins
C) initiates; monoamines
D) stops; monoamines

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep in the context of dreaming?

A) It is the only sleep stage in which dreams occur.
B) The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during REM sleep.
C) It is in this stage that dreams are least vivid.
D) Dreams that occur in this stage can rarely be remembered.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious desires that dreamers want to see fulfilled is known as the ________.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?

A) Most of them suffer permanent consequences of temporary sleep deprivation.
B) They are more alert than people who do not take part in such experiments.
C) Their creativity levels remain unchanged.
D) They show a decline in their logical reasoning abilities after the experiments.

Question 5

According to Freud, the ________ refers to the apparent storyline of dreams.

A) dormant content of dreams
B) manifest content of dreams
C) latent content of dreams
D) vestigial content of dreams

Question 6

In general terms, how do brain waves change as one progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?

A) Their amplitude decreases.
B) Their frequency increases.
C) They become slower.
D) They become faster.

Question 7

Which of the following psychologists is correctly matched with his theory of the function of dreams?

A) Freud-unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) Hobson-dreams-for-survival theory
C) Hobson-expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
D) Freud-activation-synthesis theory

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

A) Dreams occur only in NREM sleep.
B) Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.
C) Dreams occur in both REM and NREM sleep, but dreams in NREM sleep are less vivid than dreams in REM sleep.
D) Dreams occur in both REM and NREM sleep, but dreams in NREM sleep are more vivid than dreams in REM sleep.

Question 9

Anya has been awake for two complete days. Tonight, she finally anticipates going to bed at her usual time. Which of the following alternatives best describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience?

A) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage. This phenomenon is called restoration.
B) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage. This phenomenon is called rebound.
C) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages. This phenomenon is called restoration.
D) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages. This phenomenon is called rebound.

Question 10

________ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 11

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is NOT true?

A) Heart rate increases and becomes irregular during REM sleep.
B) Breathing rate increases during REM sleep.
C) Vivid dreams occur during REM sleep.
D) The activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

Question 12

________ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 13

Most people today sleep between ________ hours each night.

A) two and three
B) three and four
C) four and five
D) seven and eight

Question 14

________ is the awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings that we experience at a given moment.

A) Perception
B) Intelligence
C) Speculation
D) Consciousness

Question 15

According to Freud, the ________ is composed of the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.

A) evident content of dreams
B) manifest content of dreams
C) latent content of dreams
D) apparent content of dreams

Question 16

REM sleep is paradoxical because during this period of sleep:

A) the brain is active but the major skeletal muscles appear to be paralyzed.
B) the skeletal muscles remain active but the brain is inactive.
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D) both the brain and the body are inactive.

Question 17

Momentary interruptions of spiky waves called sleep spindles are characteristic of ________.

A) REM
B) stage 1 sleep
C) stage 2 sleep
D) stage 4 sleep

Question 18

At times, images appear in ________ and make people feel as if they are viewing still photos.

A) stage 1 sleep
B) stage 2 sleep
C) stage 3 sleep
D) stage 4 sleep

Question 19

Esther dreams that she is flying in an airplane. Esther's psychoanalyst suggests that this dream represents Esther's hidden desire for sexual intercourse. Which of the following statements is false?

A) Flying is a symbol.
B) Flying is the latent content.
C) Flying is the manifest content.
D) Flying is the true subject of the dream.

Question 20

________ is characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern than the previous stage, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."

A) REM
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 21

Which of the following solutions is likely to help a person overcome insomnia?

A) Trying to sleep even when one is not tired
B) Taking sleeping pills
C) Exercising during the day
D) Drinking caffeine after lunch

Question 22

Four-year-old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after 8:30 p.m. At about 9:45 p.m., he suddenly sits up in bed, breathing rapidly and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic. In this scenario, DeMarcus is experiencing:

A) bruxism.
B) a narcoleptic attack.
C) night terrors.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 23

According to the ________, dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 24

Ivy can't sleep at night, so she makes herself a cup of warm milk, which she plans to consume before going to sleep. Is this likely to help Ivy get some sleep?

A) No. She should instead buy some sleeping pills from the drug store.
B) No. It is just a myth that milk induces sleep.
C) Yes. Milk contains tryptophan, which promotes sleep.
D) Yes, but it will disrupt her sleep cycle.

Question 25

________ is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terror
D) Sleep apnea

Question 26

According to the ________, dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a recommended solution if one has trouble sleeping?

A) Drinking warm milk
B) Taking sleeping pills
C) Exercising during the day
D) Avoiding caffeine

Question 28

Night terrors usually occur during ________ sleep.

A) stage 4
B) REM
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

Question 29

According to activation information modulation (AIM) theory, dreams are initiated in the brain's:

A) pons.
B) medulla
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala.

Question 30

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking both occur during ________ sleep.

A) stage 4
B) stage 3
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

Question 31

________ refers to uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terror
D) Sleep apnea

Question 32

The manifest content of a dream:

A) consists of symbols.
B) only appears in nightmares.
C) is the underlying meaning of the dream.
D) is hidden by more obvious subjects.

Question 33

________ is/are sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that is accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terrors
D) Sleep apnea

Question 34

The ________ focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

Question 35

Biological processes occurring regularly on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed:

A) biorhythms.
B) diurnal rhythms.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) primal rhythms.

Question 36

According to the text, ________ may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) bruxism
D) insomnia

Question 37

Dr. Gremillion argues that dreams function to focus on and consolidate memories. They represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. Dr. Gremillion subscribes to the ________ theory concerning the function of dreams.

A) wish fulfillment
B) dreams-for-survival
C) activation-synthesis
D) symbolic-meaning

Question 38

Which of the following sleep disturbances is correctly matched with its description?

A) Sleep apnea-difficulty breathing during sleep
B) Narcolepsy-sudden awakenings accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal
C) Night terrors-sudden sleep during waking consciousness
D) Insomnia-temporary paralysis of the body before or after sleep

Question 39

________ is a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.

A) Animal magnetism
B) Spiritualism
C) Hypnosis
D) Paralysis

Question 40

Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the activation information modulation (AIM) and activation-synthesis theories of dreaming?

A) The activation information modulation (AIM) theory is a competitor to the activation-synthesis theory.
B) The activation-synthesis theory is part of the activation information modulation (AIM) theory.
C) The activation-synthesis theory has been refined by the activation information modulation (AIM) theory.
D) The activation information modulation (AIM) theory was replaced by the activation-synthesis theory.

Question 41

Which of the following figures best represents the percentage of high school seniors who have tried an illegal drug during the past year?

A) 15%
B) 23%
C) 41%
D) 67%

Question 42

Which of the following is true of drugs?

A) Psychoactive drugs are not common in most of our lives.
B) In psychological dependence, the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug that it can't function without it.
C) In physiological dependence, people believe that they need a particular drug to respond to the stresses of daily living.
D) Addictive drugs produce a physiological or psychological dependence (or both) in users.

Question 43

If one has ever had a cup of coffee or sipped a beer, one has taken a(n) ________ drug.

A) psychoactive
B) antiarrhythmic
C) interferon
D) antianginal

Question 44

Approximately what percentage of the population can be very easily hypnotized?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 30%
D) 50%

Question 45

According to a survey of 14,000 high school seniors across the United States, high school seniors have least indulged in:

A) marijuana.
B) alcohol.
C) cigarettes.
D) steroids.

Question 46

Which of the following traits is likely to be related to an individual's susceptibility to hypnosis?

A) The tendency to defer to others' wishes
B) The tendency to seek out new experiences
C) The tendency to become absorbed in one's activities
D) The tendency to have low self-confidence

Question 47

________ drugs produce a biological or psychological dependence in users so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drugs that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.

A) Antibiotic
B) Interferon
C) Addictive
D) Therapeutic

Question 48

The attempt to alter consciousness appears:

A) in some cultures but not in others, and among those cultures in which it appears, the means to alter consciousness are much the same.
B) to be universal, but the particular means to do so vary from culture to culture.
C) to be universal, as are the means to do so.
D) in some cultures but not in others, and among those cultures in which it appears, the means to alter consciousness vary dramatically.

Question 49

Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is true?

A) People may be induced to engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized.
B) People can't be hypnotized against their will.
C) People may be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized.
D) People always tell the truth when they are hypnotized.

Question 50

________ is a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.

A) Mysticism
B) Hypnosis
C) Mesmerism
D) Meditation

Question 51

When traditional practitioners of the ancient Eastern religion of Zen Buddhism want to achieve greater spiritual insight, they turn to a technique that has been used for centuries to alter their state of consciousness. This technique is called ________.

A) meditation
B) hypnosis
C) mysticism
D) mesmerism

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?

A) Caffeine
B) Nicotine
C) Alcohol
D) Methamphetamine

Question 53

How often and for how long should meditation be practiced in order for a person to realize its benefits?

A) Twice a week for 20 minutes at a time
B) Twice a day for 20 minutes at a time
C) Daily for several hours at a stretch
D) Once a month for two hours

Question 54

Approximately what percentage of the population can't be hypnotized at all?

A) 5% to 20%
B) 70% to 90%
C) 30% to 40%
D) 50% to 80%

Question 55

Which of the following statements reflects an actual difference between waking consciousness and hypnosis?

A) The brain's electrical activity differs between waking and hypnotic states of consciousness.
B) Many physiological differences distinguish the hypnotic state from waking consciousness.
C) Memory of childhood events is much more accurate under hypnosis than in the waking state
D) There is an increased ability to construct images under hypnosis than in the waking state.

Question 56

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the text's argument with respect to potential cultural influences on the experience of consciousness?

A) Variations in consciousness show some basic similarities across cultures.
B) The fundamental experience of consciousness varies across cultures.
C) There are no cross-cultural differences in the experience of consciousness.
D) There are dramatic differences among cultures in the experience of consciousness.

Question 57

In ________ drug dependence, people believe that they need a particular drug to respond to the stresses of daily living.

A) behavioral
B) pathological
C) psychological
D) physiological

Question 58

Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is false?

A) People do not engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized.
B) People are capable of lying when hypnotized.
C) People can't be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized.
D) People lose all will of their own.

Question 59

________ drugs influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.

A) Psychoactive
B) Antiarrhythmic
C) Interferon
D) Antianginal

Question 60

An altered state of consciousness makes people:

A) start thinking logically.
B) feel a sense of ineffability.
C) gain self-control.
D) become more distinct regarding their sense of time.

Question 61

Yesterday, Callie stayed awake the entire night to finish a term paper. Tonight, she may sleep only slightly longer than she usually does, but she will spend a significantly greater percentage of the night in REM sleep. This is because of a phenomenon known as:

A) restoration.
B) flashbacks.
C) REM rebound effect.
D) NREM rebound effect.

Question 62

Abby is completely alert and focused as she takes notes in a class. In this scenario, she experiences consciousness.

Question 63

Narcotics, such as heroin, are drugs that:

A) are capable of producing hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process.
B) have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
C) slow down the nervous system.
D) increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

Question 64

Fawn consumed a large amount of a popular street drug at a party. It gave her a sense of energy and alertness, but she also became anxious and irritable. Which of the following drugs has she most likely consumed?

A) Heroin
B) Rohypnol
C) Marijuana
D) Methamphetamine

Question 65

Cocaine exerts its pleasurable effects on the brain by:

A) mimicking the effects of dopamine.
B) blocking the release of serotonin.
C) blocking the reabsorption of leftover dopamine.
D) facilitating the release of endorphins.

Question 66

Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs is correctly matched with its effects on thought and behavior?

A) Hallucinogens-slow down the nervous system
B) Stimulants-increase the activity of the central nervous system
C) Narcotics-produce changes in sensory perception
D) Depressants-capable of producing hallucinations

Question 67

Nicotine activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated by ________.

A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) marijuana

Question 68

Symptoms such as anxiety, vomiting, sneezing, diarrhea, lower back pain, watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, irritability, tremors, panic, chills and sweating, and cramps are related to the use of ________.

A) stimulants
B) depressants
C) narcotics
D) steroids

Question 69

According to a survey of 14,000 high school seniors across the United States, high school seniors have most indulged in:

A) marijuana.
B) alcohol.
C) cigarettes.
D) steroids.

Question 70

Emma is highly addicted to ________. Emma's friend has suggested that she use methadone, as that is mostly used to treat such addictions.

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) heroin
D) rohypnol

Question 71

Which of the following drugs is correctly matched with its category?

A) Cocaine-depressant
B) Caffeine-stimulant
C) Marijuana-depressant
D) Heroin-hallucinogen

Question 72

Stimulants are drugs that:

A) cause incapacitation and inability to resist sexual assault.
B) have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
C) slow down the nervous system.
D) increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

Question 73

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of caffeine and other stimulants on the nervous system?

A) They decrease the activity of the central nervous system.
B) They have an arousal effect on the central nervous system.
C) They cause a drop in the heart rate.
D) They increase the reaction time.

Question 74

Nikki's doctor prescribes a depressant to help her relax and get some sleep at night. Her doctor most likely prescribed a(n):

A) amphetamine.
B) steroid.
C) barbiturate
D) hallucinogen.

Question 75

Which of the following drugs is NOT a stimulant?

A) Cocaine
B) Caffeine
C) orphine
D) Methamphetamine

Question 76

Hallucinogens are drugs that:

A) are capable of producing changes in the perceptual process.
B) have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
C) slow down the nervous system.
D) reduce appetite.

Question 77

According to the text, ________ is currently the most dangerous street drug in the United States.

A) crack cocaine
B) heroin
C) ecstasy
D) methamphetamine

Question 78

Caffeine mimics the effects of a natural brain chemical called:

A) adenosine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) adrenaline.
D) dopamine.

Question 79

Debbie often uses steroids and is addicted to them. She has recently begun noticing certain effects of steroids. According to this scenario, she is most likely to be experience:

A) mood swings and masculine traits in herself.
B) euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, nightmares, and disoriented behavior.
C) weakness, restlessness, nausea and vomiting, headaches, and nightmares.
D) apathy, difficulty in concentration, slowed speech, decreased physical activity, and drooling.

Question 80

Jim has been consuming ecstasy continuously for the last few months. If he continues using ecstasy, he is most likely to experience:

A) decreased testosterone production.
B) flashbacks.
C) memory difficulties.
D) lung damage.