Deck 9: Collaborating With Others

Question 1

Neo-Freudian theorist is often termed the "first feminist psychologist."

Answer 1

Karen Horney

Question 2

Which of Freud's personality structures is correctly described?

A) The ego represents the rights and wrongs of society.
B) The id consists of primitive and instinctual urges.
C) The superego is the raw and inborn part of personality.
D) The id balances inner desires with the demands of the outside world.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ________ contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as the knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4.

A) preconscious
B) semiconscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In order to protect herself from unconscious anxiety, Susie convinces herself that she hates action movies, whereas on an unconscious level she actually loves them. This illustrates the defense mechanism known as:

A) repression.
B) reaction formation.
C) projection.
D) rationalization.

Question 5

Which trait theorist is correctly matched with the number of basic personality dimensions proposed in his theory?

A) Gordon Allport; 16
B) Raymond Cattell; 5
C) Hans Eysenck; 3
D) Raymond Cattell; 10

Question 6

The ________ is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) conscience

Question 7

________ is often considered the first feminist psychologist.

A) Karen Horney
B) Mary Calkins
C) Bertha Pappenheim
D) Anna Freud

Question 8

According to Carl Jung, ________ are universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil).

A) prototypes
B) archetypes
C) stereotypes
D) subtypes

Question 9

The ________ provides a "safe haven" for our recollections of threatening events.

A) semi-conscious
B) unconscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

Question 10

According to Freud, much of our behavior is motivated by:

A) the unconscious.
B) semiconscious processes.
C) conscious experiences.
D) the subconscious mind.

Question 11

Which of the following alternatives incorrectly identifies an advantage or disadvantage of the trait approach to personality?

A) Con: Trait approaches are merely descriptions of personality, not explanations.
B) Con: Trait approaches do not facilitate the objective comparison of one person with another.
C) Pro: Trait approaches have led to many useful personality assessment inventories.
D) Pro: Trait approaches provide a clear, straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies.

Question 12

Garner is imaginative, independent, and prefers variety. Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high, while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality dimension of:

A) neuroticism.
B) openness.
C) extraversion.
D) agreeableness.

Question 13

Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is correctly matched with a key concept?

A) Carl Rogers; inferiority complex psychology
B) Alfred Adler; unconditional positive regard
C) Karen Horney; archetype
D) Carl Jung; collective unconscious

Question 14

Pearl is kind, appreciative, and sympathetic. Ruby is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and sociable. Pearl probably scores high on the Big Five dimension of ________, whereas Ruby likely scores high on ________.

A) openness; agreeableness
B) eagerness; cheerfulness
C) agreeableness; extraversion
D) extraversion; openness

Question 15

Which of the following specific traits is correctly paired with a description in terms of the Big Five dimensions?

A) Kind-high extraversion
B) Impulsive-low conscientiousness
C) Calm-high agreeableness
D) Imaginative-high openness

Question 16

According to Freud's theory, ________ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience.

A) unconscious conflict
B) preconscious process
C) conscious experience
D) instinctual drive

Question 17

Read the following: (1) Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since a really beautiful woman moved in next door; (2) Unable to accept his desire for other young men, 15-year-old Juan immerses himself into his studies; (3) Shauntel tells people that her coworker Mary dislikes her; though if she were honest, Shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes Mary; (4) "Ben's nasty; he's disgusting," says Renee; but Renee secretly finds Ben attractive. Which individual is correctly matched with the defense mechanism he or she is using?

A) Liz-projection
B) Juan-sublimation
C) Shauntel-repression
D) Renee-displacement

Question 18

The ________ is the part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

A) semiconscious
B) conscious
C) subconscious
D) unconscious

Question 19

Karen Horney's conceptualizations were developed in the:

A) 1920s.
B) 1930s and 1940s.
C) 1950s.
D) 1960s and 1970s.

Question 20

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality assessment widely used in business, industry, and education. Ultimately, it stems from ________ theories.

A) Sigmund Freud's
B) Carl Jung's
C) Alfred Adler's
D) Erik Erikson's

Question 21

A psychological test is reliable when it:

A) measures what it is supposed to measure.
B) has been normed using a sample representative of those for whom the test has been designed.
C) yields consistent measurements.
D) measures the positives.

Question 22

The ________ is a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors.

A) TAT
B) NEO-PI-R
C) MMPI-2
D) 16 PF

Question 23

Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential, each in a unique way; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward:

A) self-regulation.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 24

The basic, innate disposition that emerges early in life is known as:

A) outlook.
B) attachment style.
C) trait.
D) temperament.

Question 25

One of the best examples of a self-report measure, and one of the most frequently used personality tests, is the:

A) TAT.
B) NEO-PI-R.
C) MMPI-2.
D) 16 PF.

Question 26

________ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.

A) Self-regulation
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-actualization
D) Self-awareness

Question 27

Dr. Plater believes that personality is simply the sum of learned responses that have been reinforced by various situations. Dr. Plater endorses the ________ approach to personality.

A) trait
B) learning
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 28

Dr. Portillo's research team is using various methods to assess the trait of extraversion. Dr. Portillo is interpreting participants' responses to TAT pictures. Her postdoctoral research fellow is recording the number and length of conversations participants initiate in a laboratory situation. Finally, Dr. Portillo's graduate student is examining her own extraversion scores on a test of the Big Five dimensions. Which research team member is correctly paired with the type of personality assessment he or she is using?

A) Dr. Portillo-self-report measure
B) Postdoctoral research fellow-projective test
C) Graduate student-self-report measure
D) Dr. Portillo-behavioral assessment

Question 29

________ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.

A) Biological and evolutionary
B) Trait and learning
C) Humanistic and trait
D) Learning and evolutionary

Question 30

Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in:

A) business.
B) academia.
C) therapeutic settings.
D) social service.

Question 31

Which approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy?

A) Bandura's social cognitive approach
B) Skinner's behaviorist approach
C) Gordon Allport's trait theory
D) Rogers's humanistic theory

Question 32

Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She provides constant, consistent feedback on her students' math assignments. She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students':

A) self-awareness.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-actualization.

Question 33

A researcher develops a questionnaire to assess impulsiveness among adults. In a journal article, she presents evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice, two months apart. However, when you look at the sample questionnaire items she included in the article, it seems to you that they relate more to whether a person is sociable, outgoing, and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive. You are specifically questioning the ________ of the researcher's questionnaire.

A) reliability
B) validity
C) norm
D) generalizability

Question 34

________ is the belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-regulation
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-actualization

Question 35

Which term indicates the ability of a test to measure what it is actually designed to measure?

A) Reliability
B) Consistency
C) Precision quotient
D) Validity

Question 36

According to Carl Rogers, people experience anxiety when:

A) they feel inferior in the face of a challenging task.
B) they become conscious of unacceptable sexual urges.
C) they can't satisfy their basic needs.
D) their self-concept is at odds with their experience.

Question 37

________ approaches to personality emphasize people's inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning.

A) Evolutionary
B) Humanistic
C) Learning
D) Biological

Question 38

Which of the following approaches to personality is least likely to emphasize the stability of personality?

A) Learning
B) Psychodynamic
C) Trait
D) Biological/evolutionary

Question 39

Rhiannon is confident that she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses. Rhiannon has high ________.

A) self-esteem
B) self-efficacy
C) self-actualization
D) self-awareness

Question 40

Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully; her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. This vignette illustrates differences in:

A) outlook.
B) intelligence.
C) temperament.
D) attachment style.

Question 41

Laverne's scores on different parts of an IQ test are very different from one another. Laverne's profile of scores on the test:

A) contradicts the view of intelligence offered by early psychologists.
B) supports the view of intelligence offered by early psychologists.
C) contradicts the view of intelligence offered by contemporary psychologists.
D) supports the g-factor theory of mental ability.

Question 42

________ intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of one's mental state.

A) Emotional
B) Practical
C) Fluid
D) Crystallized

Question 43

Imagine that 6-year-olds can complete a particular block design puzzle in five minutes. It takes Bailey almost 8 minutes to complete the same task. In Binet's terms, Bailey's ________ age is ________ than 6.

A) chronological; higher
B) chronological; lower
C) mental; higher
D) mental; lower

Question 44

Early psychologists argued that g represented general intelligence. According to these psychologists, individuals good at numerical tests:

A) are generally good on all tests.
B) are generally poor on all other tests.
C) excel at visual but not verbal tasks.
D) excel at verbal tasks but not visual ones.

Question 45

Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on:

A) the use of ambiguous stimuli.
B) the observation of people in their own settings.
C) the rigorous standardization of personality questionnaires.
D) the interpretive skill of the examiner.

Question 46

The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality.

A) objective
B) reflective
C) projective
D) self-report

Question 47

The age for which a given level of performance is average or typical is known as ________ age.

A) mental
B) societal
C) chronological
D) behavioral

Question 48

Traditional tests were designed to relate to ________ success.

A) academic
B) career
C) spiritual
D) familial

Question 49

In what way do more recent theories of intelligence differ from those offered earlier in psychology's history?

A) More recent theories propose that there may be multiple forms of intelligence, rather than just one.
B) More recent theories propose that there may be a single broad factor underlying every aspect of intelligence.
C) More recent theories tend to dismiss the notion that cultural differences are important to the definition of intelligence.
D) More recent theories claim that people who did poorly on one test tended to do poorly on others as well.

Question 50

According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living is known as ________ intelligence.

A) practical
B) crystallized
C) emotional
D) creative

Question 51

Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. In other words, Ashley is interested in:

A) the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively.
B) how behavior changes as a result of past experience.
C) the factors directing behavior toward a goal.
D) the ability to generate novel solutions to problems.

Question 52

In the introduction to its discussion of intelligence, your text suggests that conceptions of intelligence vary crossculturally. To the Trukese of the South Pacific, for example, intelligence may mean the ability to navigate on the open water without technological assistance; to a Westerner, traveling along the most direct and quickest route by using a sextant and other navigational tools is likely to represent the most "intelligent" kind of behavior. Nevertheless, one element of the understanding of intelligence that is consistent across culture is:

A) the ability to use the resources provided by one's environment.
B) the ability to understand and relate to others.
C) to think rationally; that is, with one's head rather than one's heart.
D) to solve abstract, complex problems.

Question 53

Psychologists define ________ as the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

A) cognition
B) intelligence
C) sensation
D) perception

Question 54

Intelligence that reflects the ability to reason abstractly is termed ________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) reflexive
C) spatial
D) crystallized

Question 55

People who are high in ________ intelligence are able to learn general norms and principles and apply them appropriately.

A) practical
B) crystallized
C) emotional
D) linguistic

Question 56

The notion of practical intelligence is associated with:

A) Gardner.
B) Sternberg.
C) Wechsler.
D) Spearman.

Question 57

The g-factor is:

A) the factor that helps us reason abstractly.
B) a general intelligence factor that was thought to underlie performance in every aspect of intelligence.
C) a score derived from one of several standardized tests that are designed to assess the overall intelligence.
D) the same thing as crystallized intelligence.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of academic success and career success?

A) Academic success and career success both rely on the sort of intelligence assessed by traditional intelligence tests.
B) Academic success and career success are based on two different types of intelligence.
C) Traditional tests were designed to relate to career success, while contemporary tests are designed to relate to academic success.
D) Both academic and career success relate to practical intelligence.

Question 59

Minnie is taking the TAT. Tammy is taking the Rorschach. Minnie is looking at ________. Tammy is examining ________.

A) a series of symmetrical stimuli; pictures
B) a series of symmetrical stimuli; a series of symmetrical stimuli, too
C) pictures; pictures, too
D) pictures; a series of symmetrical stimuli

Question 60

The best-known projective test of personality is the:

A) MMPI-2.
B) TAT.
C) NEO-PI-R.
D) Rorschach.

Question 61

Annie is an extremely active baby; her activity level is a component of her .

Question 62

Laura is 8 years old; her performance on a series of tasks is equivalent to that of the average 10-year-old. Her intelligence quotient is:

A) 125.
B) 80.
C) 110.
D) 150.

Question 63

"Every time I take it, it comes up with something different!" remarks Rita, turning away from the online personality quiz she just completed. Rita is complaining about the test's .

Question 64

Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of intelligence that takes into account an individual's:

A) mental age alone.
B) physical age alone.
C) physical and developmental ages.
D) mental and chronological ages.

Question 65

is a statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables.

Question 66

Albert Bandura is one of the leading proponents of the approach to personality.

Question 67

Which of the following alternatives offers the most accurate assessment of the origin of familial retardation in nature on the one hand or nurture on the other?

A) Familial retardation is almost always genetic in origin, thereby reflecting nature.
B) About 1/3 of the cases of familial retardation have a known basis in biology, or nature.
C) Familial retardation is most often environmental in origin, such as extreme continuous poverty leading to malnutrition.
D) Whether familial retardation is caused by environmental factors or some genetic factor is usually impossible to determine.

Question 68

Davina can't bear to be late for anything. She is particular about how people have to do things "just right" for her to be satisfied. A psychodynamic theorist might suggest that Davina is fixated at the stage of development.

Question 69

Adler proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for .

Question 70

People who are ________ retarded have deficits in their language and motor skills. Although these individuals can hold simple jobs, they need to have a certain degree of supervision throughout their lives.

A) mildly
B) moderately
C) severely
D) profoundly

Question 71

Which of the following statements best describes the fate of Binet's intelligence test within psychology?

A) It really has had little lasting influence on contemporary intelligence testing.
B) It is still used, and it is in virtually the same form as Binet's original test.
C) It was used for a number of decades but was then abandoned.
D) It is still used, but in a heavily revised form.

Question 72

In approximately ________ of the cases of mental retardation, there is an identifiable cause related to biological or environmental factors; the most common of these is ________.

A) one-third; fetal alcohol syndrome
B) one-third; Down syndrome
C) one-quarter; fetal alcohol syndrome
D) one-quarter; Down syndrome

Question 73

If MA stands for mental age and CA for chronological age, then the formula for the intelligence quotient score as Binet defined it is:

A) CA/MA x 100.
B) MA/CA x 100.
C) CA/(MA x 100).
D) MA/(CA x 100).

Question 74

Barry is trying to come up with an interpretation of an abstract collage of colors, lines, and shapes he is looking at. Barry is most probably taking some sort of personality test.

Question 75

People whose IQ scores range from 40 to 54 are most probably:

A) mildly retarded.
B) moderately retarded.
C) severely retarded.
D) profoundly retarded.

Question 76

John's therapist strives to provide an atmosphere of acceptance and respect, no matter what comes up during the sessions. In the context of humanistic approaches to personality, John's therapist is providing .

Question 77

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of it in the family is known as ________ retardation.

A) syndromic
B) cultural
C) familial
D) non-syndromic

Question 78

Direct measures of an individual's behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality are known as .

Question 79

The , or MMPI-2, is the most widely used self-report measure of personality.

Question 80

According to Carl Rogers, people's contain the set of beliefs they hold about what they are like as individuals.