Deck 3: Deciding Whats Right: a Psychological Approach

Question 1

With the advent of technology,fewer people look to others in their social environment for guidance in ethical dilemma situations.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Kohlberg argued that the higher the reasoning stage,the more ethical the decision.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Training,whether in groups,peer to peer,or using DVD to deliver the content,has been shown to be ineffective in helping employees become ethically aware.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An organization led by a leader high in cognitive moral development establishes a much stronger ethical climate in the organization.

Question 5

Managers must structure the work environment to support ethical conduct and this includes ensuring that reward systems are aligned with the ethics of the firm.

Question 6

Reference: Matching Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning
a)Stage 1
b)Stage 2
c)Stage 3
d)Stage 4
e)Stage 5
f)Stage 6
"You scratch my back,I'll scratch yours."

Question 7

In Kohlberg's theory,adherence to any principle qualifies as "principled" thinking.

Question 8

An effective way to avoid decision-making weaknesses and biases is to become aware of them and to incorporate steps into decision-making that are explicitly aimed at reducing their impact.

Question 9

According to cognitive moral development theory,the actual moral decision is not as important as the reasoning process used to arrive at it.

Question 10

The type of language used when describing a situation does not affect moral awareness.

Question 11

There are major differences in levels of moral reasoning between men and women.

Question 12

Reference: Matching Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning
a)Stage 1
b)Stage 2
c)Stage 3
d)Stage 4
e)Stage 5
f)Stage 6
Considers the possibility of changing the law for socially useful purposes.

Question 13

In organizations,individuals high on Machiavellianism are significantly more likely to have unethical intentions and to engage in unethical behavior including accepting kickbacks.

Question 14

Reference: Matching Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning
a)Stage 1
b)Stage 2
c)Stage 3
d)Stage 4
e)Stage 5
f)Stage 6
Focused on avoiding punishment.

Question 15

Ethical conflict is almost exclusively influenced by individual differences.

Question 16

According to Kohlberg,as individuals move forward through the sequence of stages they are cognitively capable of comprehending all reasoning stages below and above their own.

Question 17

Neutral language can be used to make an unethical action seem less problematic.

Question 18

Reference: Matching Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning
a)Stage 1
b)Stage 2
c)Stage 3
d)Stage 4
e)Stage 5
f)Stage 6
Focused on following the rules or laws that are designed to promote the common good.

Question 19

If an individual does not recognize that he or she is facing an ethical dilemma,then ethical judgment is likely not to occur.

Question 20

Reference: Matching Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning
a)Stage 1
b)Stage 2
c)Stage 3
d)Stage 4
e)Stage 5
f)Stage 6
Focused on interpersonal trust and social approval.

Question 21

Which of the following is false?

A)Lawrence Kohlberg developed the cognitive moral development theory by studying male adult behavior.
B)The cognitive moral development theory focuses primarily on how people decide what course of action is morally right.
C)Cognitive moral development is an individual difference that impacts the way people think about an ethical dilemma.
D)Individuals can comprehend and use all stages of reasoning below their own.

Question 22

Which of the following is true?

A)Cognitive biases are the result of trying to reduce uncertainty and simplify the world.
B)Cognitive biases are an individual difference and do not affect all human beings in the same way.
C)Business executives and students are generally reserved about their knowledge of the facts.
D)People are generally good at thinking of the consequences of their decisions outside of their immediate family and friends.

Question 23

According to cognitive moral development theory,individuals move to a higher reasoning stage:

A)Every time they encounter a more difficult ethical dilemma.
B)When there is a contradiction between his or her current moral reasoning stage and the next higher one.
C)As they grow older.
D)None of the above.An individual's level of moral reasoning does not change after he or she becomes an adult.

Question 24

Reference: Matching Key Terms and Definitions
a)confirmation bias
b)illusion of optimism
c)illusion of control
d)illusion of superiority
Unconscious distortion of information in order to maintain a positive self-image.

Question 25

Reference: Matching Key Terms and Definitions
a)confirmation bias
b)illusion of optimism
c)illusion of control
d)illusion of superiority
Tendency to attend to the information that endorses the decision we prefer.

Question 26

Reference: Matching Key Terms and Definitions
a)confirmation bias
b)illusion of optimism
c)illusion of control
d)illusion of superiority
Tendency to overestimate the likelihood of good future events.

Question 27

Sally attributes her success at work to luck.Sally is characterized by:

A)high internal locus of control
B)high external locus of control
C)Stage 2 moral reasoning
D)Stage 4 moral reasoning

Question 28

Most adults are at the ____________ level of cognitive moral development and their action is ____________.

A)Conventional;based on avoidance of punishment.
B)Conventional;based on what others think,say,and do.
C)Postconventional;based on the best outcome for society.
D)Postconventional;based on their religion or guiding principles.

Question 29

Which of the following is false?

A)Moral reasoning can be increased through training.
B)A more-principled individual is less likely to cheat.
C)When an organization's leader is characterized by high moral development,the entire ethical climate of the organization is stronger.
D)Employee satisfaction and commitment are not related to the leader's moral development.

Question 30

Those with higher __________ are more likely to avoid pressure to violate social norms because _____________.

A)internal locus of control;they typically act at the postconventional level of moral reasoning.
B)external locus of control;they believe in luck.
C)internal locus of control;they believe they are in charge of their own fate.
D)external locus of control;they typically act at the postconventionl level of moral reasoning.

Question 31

Reference: Matching Key Terms and Definitions
a)confirmation bias
b)illusion of optimism
c)illusion of control
d)illusion of superiority
Tendency to underestimate risks because of the belief that we are in charge of what happens.

Question 32

Which of the following is true?

A)People's locus of control is relatively stable,but can change over time.
B)People are born with a particular locus of control.
C)People are either internal or external.Locus of control is not a continuum.
D)People with high external locus of control believe their life is a product of their own efforts.