Deck 4: Entering the Social World

Question 1

Dr. Zorba is an evolutionary theorist. Which of the following is he most likely to believe?

A) Adaptive behaviours have a hereditary basis.
B) Cognitive issues are more important than social issues.
C) An infant can only attach to its biological mother.
D) Trust underlies almost all human emotions.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Dr. Ginsberg's lecture on attachment concludes that babies express behaviour that makes it more likely they will form attachments to adults because, in the past, infants that expressed these behaviours were the infants that survived. What kind of approach to attachment is Dr. Ginsberg presenting?

A) a sociocultural approach
B) a psychological approach
C) an anthropological approach
D) an evolutionary approach

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Eight-month-old Claire is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. What does this behaviour indicate about Claire?

A) She is not attached to her mother.
B) She has "purpose."
C) She is in the "initiative versus guilt" stage.
D) She trusts her mother.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Erikson, what is the foundation of human development?

A) autonomy
B) trust in self and others
C) initiative
D) identity

Question 5

Dr. Samuels is an evolutionary psychologist who believes that numerous human behaviours are representative of an individual's successful adaptation to what?

A) one's peers
B) one's level of intelligence
C) one's environment
D) one's age

Question 6

Which normally maturing infant would be most likely to have just formed his first specific attachment?

A) Calvin, who is 1 day old
B) Kenny, who is 4 months old
C) Henry, who is 8 months old
D) Craig, who is 12 months old

Question 7

Carmela is struggling in the "autonomy versus guilt and shame" stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict?

A) hope
B) wariness
C) will
D) purpose

Question 8

Attachment is most critical to completing one of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Which stage is it?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) trust versus mistrust
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) initiative versus guilt

Question 9

According to Erikson, when an infant has an adequate balance of trust and mistrust, the infant can then acquire which of the following strengths?

A) will
B) hope
C) happiness
D) confidence

Question 10

Which baby is in John Bowlby's preattachment phase?

A) Sylvia, who smiles equally at people, stuffed animals, and balls
B) Patricia, who clings to her mother more than she clings to anyone else
C) Sybil, who is 7 months old
D) Gloria, who cries when she is alert and her mother is not paying her any attention

Question 11

Anthony and Martina are the new parents of a new baby named Zoe and are wondering whether Zoe will attach to them. If Zoe is a typical baby, what will she most likely do?

A) She will attach to both Anthony and Martina.
B) She will attach only to Martina.
C) She will attach only to Anthony.
D) She will not attach to either Anthony or Martina.

Question 12

Which term is "autonomy" most synonymous with?

A) independence
B) guilt
C) joy
D) doubt

Question 13

Which child has most successfully resolved the "basic trust versus mistrust" stage of psychosocial development?

A) Cecil, who trusts everyone and everything completely
B) Shane, who mistrusts everyone including himself
C) Aiden, who trusts himself but nobody else
D) Brian, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of others

Question 14

You are the infant's "playmate." When distressed, this child does not prefer you, but when the child wants to play, she chooses you. Which relationship do you most likely have with the child?

A) mother
B) teacher
C) father
D) sibling

Question 15

According to Erikson, how would a parent establish trust in their 6-month-old?

A) by consistently satisfying the child's needs
B) by utilizing an authoritarian parenting style
C) by encouraging the immediate resolution of the Oedipal complex
D) by avoiding excessive displays of affection

Question 16

Which individual is most responsible for today's evolutionary view of attachment?

A) Erikson
B) Bowlby
C) Skinner
D) Piaget

Question 17

Tiffany is an infant who has acquired hope. Which crisis of psychosocial development has she successfully resolved?

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) initiative vs. guilt
C) basic trust vs. mistrust
D) identity

Question 18

How could a parent best encourage an attachment in a 7-month-old?

A) by showing continuous interest whenever they are around the child
B) by learning to judge when the child is receptive to interactions and when the child should be left alone
C) by letting the child initiate all social interactions
D) by letting the child be consoled by the main attachment figure

Question 19

Which child has most successfully dealt with Erikson's second psychosocial crisis?

A) Fiona, who has developed autonomy but experiences some shame and doubt
B) Tara, who has developed autonomy and experiences no shame or doubt
C) Bridget, who has developed autonomy and doubt but experiences no shame
D) Maeve who has not developed autonomy

Question 20

After reading a book on Eriksonian theory, how would Farrah most likely describe her trusting 1-year-old daughter?

A) as possessing will
B) as possessing generativity
C) as possessing hope
D) as possessing purpose

Question 21

Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached?

A) Isabelle, whose parents play with her frequently
B) Maud, whose parents are very affectionate toward her
C) Jessica, whose parents let her cry herself to sleep at night
D) Holly, whose parents often express happiness toward her

Question 22

Little Josie does not cry when her mother leaves her at daycare, and when Josie's mom returns to pick her up, Josie holds her arms out, wanting to be picked up by her mom. What types of attachment does this represent?

A) avoidant attachment
B) resistant attachment
C) disorganized attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 23

According to research, how many types of attachment are there?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 24

When Faith's mother leaves her alone in a room, Faith does not move and appears a bit dazed. What kind of attachment is Faith most likely exhibiting?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) disoriented attachment

Question 25

Elita is feeling guilty about sending her 18-month-old daughter off to daycare. Assuming Elita is sending her daughter to a quality daycare centre, should she be worried?

A) Yes. Children younger than two who are in daycare experience far more negative effects than positive effects.
B) Yes, but only because her child is female.
C) No, as long as Elita provides "good mothering" when she's with the child at home.
D) No, because daycare makes children more cooperative.

Question 26

Rod is 6 months old and must attend daycare eight hours a day, five days a week. Which strategy would increase the likelihood of Rod forming a secure attachment to his parents?

A) Have the parents provide Rod good "quality time."
B) Leave Rod in daycare on weekends, as well as weekdays.
C) Make sure Rod is in a daycare where one professional is taking care of many infants, so that Rod does not attach to the daycare professionals.
D) Make sure Rod is educationally and socially stimulated while at the daycare centre.

Question 27

If Imelda is a typical North American infant, what kind of attachment style is she most likely to exhibit?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) disoriented attachment

Question 28

Victor is a typical North American father. Compared to his wife, what is Victor more likely to with his infant daughter?

A) talk
B) play pat-a-cake
C) be frustrated
D) play rough

Question 29

What advice should you give to parents who want their 2-month-old to form a secure attachment with them?

A) "Express positive feelings."
B) "Avoid discipline."
C) "Just be yourself."
D) "Don't bottle feed."

Question 30

As a daycare provider, you notice that 4-year-old Danny is abnormally hostile towards his peers. What infant attachment style would he most likely have had?

A) secure attachment
B) insecure avoidant attachment
C) insecure resistant attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 31

After being separated from his mother, baby Cecil cries and turns away from his mother when she returns. What kind of attachment is Cecil most likely exhibiting?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) disoriented attachment

Question 32

When reunited with their caregiver, what do securely attached infants tend to show?

A) fear
B) rejection
C) a need for a brief interaction
D) a need for an extended interaction

Question 33

If a parent told you, "My 1-year-old and I just participated in a study utilizing a 'Strange Situation,'" what would you be most likely to say?

A) "I hope your child is securely attached."
B) "I hope that your child does not have any attention problems."
C) "I hope that your child demonstrated autonomy."
D) "I hope that your spouse took part in the study at the same time."

Question 34

Gabrielle is upset and cries when her mother goes to work. When her mom returns home, Gabrielle is still angry with her mom and she is inconsolable. This is an example of which type of attachment?

A) avoidant attachment
B) resistant attachment
C) secure attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 35

Infant Ricardo has come to expect that his mother is not available when he needs her. What do Ricardo's expectations indicate that he has developed?

A) temperament
B) parallel play
C) an internal working model
D) autonomy

Question 36

If Michiko was insecurely attached as an infant, which of the following is least likely to apply to her as an older child?

A) Michiko is usually calm when interacting with other children.
B) Michiko does not have as many friends as most children.
C) Michiko does not display adequate social skills with her peers.
D) Michiko has a difficult time resolving conflicts with others.

Question 37

From an infant's perspective, what is the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment?

A) having both parents to comfort him/her
B) having a caregiver he/she can depend on
C) having few sibling rivals
D) having a caregiver who loves him/her

Question 38

Consider the biopsychosocial explanation of attachment. Which forces are involved in parental responses to infant crying and laughing?

A) biological forces
B) psychological forces
C) cognitive forces
D) sociocultural forces

Question 39

Which infant is the designation "cling-on" most appropriate for?

A) Emma, who is securely attached
B) Gina, who is insecure avoidant
C) Kristy, who is insecure resistant
D) Amanda, who is disorientedly attached

Question 40

What does a secure infant attachment predict during later childhood?

A) greater intelligence
B) more capable peer interactions
C) greater independence
D) more competence

Question 41

When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid, there's nothing down here that can hurt you." What is Adam successfully doing?

A) engaging in solitary play
B) expressing prosocial behaviour
C) regulating his emotions
D) developing gender constancy

Question 42

At what age does the practice of regulating one's emotions usually begin?

A) by 2-4 months
B) by 4-6 months
C) by 8-10 months
D) at around the first birthday

Question 43

Who has most likely just developed stranger wariness?

A) Betsy, who has just learned to roll over
B) Leon, who has just learned to crawl
C) Calvin, who has just learned to walk
D) Lisa, who has just started school

Question 44

Which aspect of Sunshine Daycare Centre's advertisement is inconsistent with your textbook's description of quality daycare?

A) low teacher/student ratios
B) many educational programs
C) new, energetic staff each day
D) regular, frequent parent-teacher meetings

Question 45

Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age, but are very different from each other in that Julio enjoys playing quietly, while Kari enjoys a lot of physical movement. Which dimension of temperament do Julio and Kari differ in?

A) positive affect
B) effortful control
C) surgency/extroversion
D) negative affect

Question 46

What is the most likely reason that 1-month-old Kiko has a smile on his face?

A) He just saw his mother.
B) He is with a group of his friends.
C) He feels full after eating.
D) He was able to move something with his hand.

Question 47

In which situation would we know that 2-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile?

A) when she smiles in response to waking up from a nap
B) when she smiles in response to seeing her mother's face
C) when she smiles in response to finishing a meal
D) when she smiles in response to a cat's tail brushing up against her

Question 48

Baby Joseph has learned to distinguish when his mother is upset with him from when she is pleased with him. Approximately how old is Joseph?

A) 3 months
B) 4 months
C) 5 months
D) 6 months

Question 49

One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. What does this example illustrate?

A) a social smile
B) a complex emotion
C) social referencing
D) stranger wariness

Question 50

How do complex emotions differ from basic emotions?

A) Complex emotions have a self-evaluative component.
B) Complex emotions have a behavioural component.
C) Complex emotions have a subjective component.
D) Complex emotions have a physiological component.

Question 51

There are many negative emotions. Which one do researchers have little knowledge about?

A) distress
B) sadness
C) disgust
D) surprise

Question 52

Erin's 5-month-old daughter Kyla moves closer to her mother when she sees a clown outside the mall. What does this movement signify about Kyla?

A) She is insecurely attached to her mother.
B) She is experiencing a moment of self awareness.
C) She is letting her mother know she is hungry.
D) She is regulating her emotions.

Question 53

According to Lewis (2000), what are the only two emotions experienced by newborns?

A) disgust and surprise
B) fear and interest
C) anger and happiness
D) pleasure and distress

Question 54

Which of the following would be considered a basic emotion?

A) pride
B) joy
C) guilt
D) embarrassment

Question 55

Dr. Ramone is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behaviour toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. What is Dr. Ramone most likely studying?

A) SIDS
B) temperament
C) theory of mind
D) waking activity

Question 56

According to recent research, what kind of effect does sending a 15-month-old child to daycare have on that child's attachment to his or her mother?

A) an adverse effect
B) a positive effect
C) an adverse, then later a positive effect
D) no effect

Question 57

Janie was eating her dinner and her parents offered her a taste of liver for the first time. Upon eating it, Janie spat out the meat, wrinkled up her face, and said, "That's icky!" What negative emotion was Janie expressing?

A) sadness
B) surprise
C) distress
D) disgust

Question 58

Carla is researching temperament by determining how easily different children can focus attention. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing?

A) surgency/extroversion
B) effortful control
C) negative affect
D) positive affect

Question 59

Even though he is only 20 days old, David appears to like being around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behaviour?

A) A temperament theorist would argue that David is high in positive affect.
B) A temperament theorist would argue that David is high in surgency/extroversion.
C) A temperament theorist would argue that David is high in effortful control.
D) A temperament theorist would argue that David is high in negative affect.

Question 60

Which of the following is the most critical component to high-quality child care?

A) care than includes active play
B) care that is given by well-trained, educated staff
C) care that is sensitive and responsive
D) care that provides nutritious meals and snacks

Question 61

Little Lauren is able to focus on her toys and she is able to inhibit her responses to other activities around her. In terms of her emotions, how will Lauren tend to feel?

A) curious
B) fearful
C) happy
D) angry

Question 62

Stan is playing with his ball, and Billy is playing with his doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. What are Stan and Billy most likely involved in?

A) cooperative play
B) parallel play
C) simple social play
D) prosocial behaviour

Question 63

At approximately what age is the first altruistic behaviour most likely to appear?

A) 12 months of age
B) 18 months of age
C) 24 months of age
D) 30 months of age

Question 64

Tyler is beginning to realize that he is independent of the people and objects around him. What does this say about Tyler?

A) He is becoming self-aware.
B) He is becoming independent.
C) He is becoming physically mobile.
D) He is becoming less attached to his caregivers.

Question 65

Which of the following is the best description of temperament?

A) a cognitive roadmap
B) a predisposition
C) a social stigma
D) a behavioural regulator

Question 66

Alexandra and Anders are playing a game where Anders hides a stuffed animal and Alexandra tries to find it. When she does, Alexandra hides the stuffed animal and Anders tries to find it. What does this example illustrate?

A) parallel play
B) prosocial behaviour
C) cooperative play
D) simple social play

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of cooperative behaviour?

A) Fred shares his afternoon snack with Andrew, who forgot his own snack.
B) Sally buys lunch for a homeless man on her street.
C) Gary and Russell buy a pack of baseball cards together and share them equally.
D) Aidan helps to clean up garbage at the local park.

Question 68

Solomon places a large amount of cash in the hand of a street person. What would make this an act of altruism?

A) The street person is blind and cannot thank Solomon for his act.
B) The street person hands Solomon a bag of cans that he is carrying.
C) Solomon feels pity for the person as he gives him the cash.
D) Solomon has a habit of engaging in these types of activities.

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of simple social play?

A) Tommy plays with his car while watching Jake play with his stuffed cat.
B) Rosemary and Leah have a tea party with their teddy bears.
C) Greg and Ben play in the sandbox with their dump trucks, making "vroom" noises.
D) Johnnie watches Mary play with her new doll while he plays with his blocks.

Question 70

If Andrew is shy when he is 3 years old, what is he more likely to be when he is an adolescent?

A) highly sociable
B) happy
C) argumentative
D) shy

Question 71

In terms of play, how does the typical 18-month-old differ from the typical 4-year-old?

A) The typical 18-month-old spends the majority of play time engaged in cooperative play, while the typical 4-year-old spends the majority of play time in simple social play.
B) The typical 18-month-old spends the majority of play time engaged in parallel play, while the typical 4-year-old spends the majority of play time in cooperative play.
C) The typical 18-month-old spends the majority of play time engaged in simple social play, while the typical 4-year-old spends the majority of play time in parallel play.
D) The typical 18-month-old spends the majority of play time engaged in parallel play, while the typical 4-year-old spends the majority of play time in simple social play.

Question 72

At approximately what age do children typically begin to exhibit simple social play?

A) 18 months
B) 24 months
C) 30 months
D) 36 months

Question 73

Evan is a normal subject in a self-awareness study who has just begun to recognize himself in mirrors and pictures. Approximately how old is Evan?

A) 3 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 12 months old
D) 18 months old

Question 74

Teresa decides to help a friend find her lost cat because the friend is likely to give Teresa a reward. What does this example illustrate?

A) prosocial behaviour
B) altruism
C) empathy
D) simple social play

Question 75

According to research, which ethnicity of babies tends to be fearful and emotionally negative?

A) Russian
B) Chinese
C) French
D) African American