Deck 10: Moving into the Adult Social World

Question 1

According to Erikson, how is a teenager is most likely to achieve his or her identity?

A) by becoming more egocentric
B) by using learned helplessness
C) by becoming crystallized
D) by using hypothetical reasoning skills

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which identity status is based largely upon the input of adults (i.e., parents, role models)?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Martin wants to learn more about identity formation in adolescents. Given this interest, whose works should he read?

A) Erik Erikson
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Jean Piaget
D) Eleanore Gibson

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Erikson, what does the key adolescent crisis involve?

A) generativity versus stagnation
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) identity versus role confusion
D) integrity versus despair

Question 5

Janice decides to stay home from school because she thinks everyone will notice a pimple she has recently discovered on her chin. What concept does this case illustrate?

A) an imaginary audience
B) role confusion
C) a personal fable
D) hypothetical-deductive thinking

Question 6

What is the defining feature of the "personal fable?"

A) a feeling of superiority
B) a feeling of uniqueness
C) a feeling of helplessness
D) a feeling of diffusion

Question 7

After exploring a number of career options, Andrew chooses to become an accountant. According to Marcia, what level of identity status is Andrew exhibiting?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 8

During which stage of identity status, does an individual feel overwhelmed yet do little to accomplish the task of identity formation?

A) the diffusion stage
B) the moratorium stage
C) the foreclosure stage
D) the achievement stage

Question 9

In which identity-status stage does a person examine numerous alternatives but find none totally satisfactory?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 10

Which identity status occurs after an individual has explored several options and has made a deliberate decision?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 11

What do we call the attitudes, behaviours, and values that we believe make us unique individuals?

A) our self-esteem
B) our self-recognition
C) our self-efficacy
D) our self-concept

Question 12

What has research indicated about identity achievement status?

A) that it cannot be obtained until young adulthood
B) that it varies by concept (e.g., political affiliation, career choice)
C) that it follows an invariant sequence
D) that it has little "real-life"

Question 13

As Jackie was descending the stairs in her high school, she tripped and fell. She got up and looked around to see if anyone had noticed: luckily, they had not. This scenario provides an example of which of the following concepts?

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) learned helplessness
C) role confusion
D) imaginary audience

Question 14

What does adolescent egocentrism involve?

A) excessive convergent thought
B) excessive achievement
C) excessive self-absorption
D) excessive depression

Question 15

Sixteen-year-old Matt's motto is "It's all about me!" Which concept fits best with his attitude?

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) adolescent learned helplessness
C) adolescent secular growth
D) adolescent foreclosure

Question 16

Paige is a typical 13-year-old. What does her identity status on topics like sexual orientation and political affiliation involve?

A) diffusion and foreclosure
B) foreclosure and moratorium
C) moratorium and achievement
D) achievement and diffusion

Question 17

Shauna is a junior interested in majoring in English Literature, Philosophy, Biotechnology, or European History. While she likes all of these majors, she is not sure which one to focus on. According to Marcia, which level of identity status concerning a collegiate major is Shauna at?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 18

What do we call the phenomenon whereby an individual believes that he or she is like an actor on a stage who is under constant watch by others?

A) the personal fable
B) the imaginary audience
C) learned helplessness
D) diffusion status

Question 19

When Lauren is asked about what she wants to be when she grows up, she responds, "That is too much for me to think about, so I don't." Which of Marcia's stages of identity status is Lauren most likely at?

A) the diffusion stage
B) the moratorium stage
C) the foreclosure stage
D) the achievement stage

Question 20

When Sara is asked what she wants to do with her life, she says, "My parents really want me to be a doctor, so I'm going to be a doctor." Which of Marcia's identity statuses is Sara exhibiting?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 21

Ryan's parents have set very few strict ground rules for him. They do not seem to justify why Ryan can be punished for his delinquent actions, nor do they give Ryan any explanation for why they punish him. At what of Marcia's four identity statuses is Ryan likely to remain?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 22

Which environmental factors are most likely to result in a strong sense of ethnic self-concept?

A) experience with one's cultural heritage and parental pressure to adopt a specific ethnic identity
B) no experience with one's cultural heritage and parental pressure to adopt a specific ethnic identity
C) experience with one's cultural heritage and parental encouragement to explore alternative identities
D) no experience with one's cultural heritage and parental encouragement to explore alternative identities

Question 23

Canada has a diverse ethnic background. Approximately what percentage of the Canadian population is of an ethnic or foreign-born background?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 24

Which of the following best exemplifies the second phase of ethnic identity achievement?

A) "Do I have to listen to the tape on Scottish legends?"
B) "I feel a strong sense of Scottish heritage."
C) "I don't want to be considered a Scottish Canadian; I just want to be a Canadian."
D) "I wonder what kinds of events take place at a festival celebrating Scottish heritage."

Question 25

What is the most likely cause of the drop in self-esteem that often occurs when children first enter middle school?

A) the acquisition of concrete operational thinking
B) peer comparisons
C) changes in self-absorption among children
D) the illusion of invulnerability

Question 26

According to Byrne and Gavin (1996) and Marsh and Yeung (1997), which self-perceptions tend to change little between ages 3 and 11?

A) social self-perceptions
B) behavioural self-perceptions
C) academic self-perceptions
D) physical self-perceptions

Question 27

Tim was born in Canada. His father is African and his mother is Japanese. If he is in the third state of ethnic identity development, what is he most likely to consider himself?

A) Canadian
B) African Canadian
C) Japanese
D) Canadian with roots in both Africa and Japan

Question 28

What do we call the belief that misfortunes only happen to others?

A) the illusion of foreclosure
B) the illusion of helplessness
C) the illusion of crystallization
D) the illusion of invulnerability

Question 29

What does Canadian research illustrate regarding Canadian adolescents with higher scores on measures of self-esteem?

A) that they are likely to be better adjusted in all facets of their lives
B) that they are likely to have larger peer groups but still may experience school adjustment problems
C) that they adjust well to changes in school demands but still struggle with peer demands
D) that they are likely to be well adjusted in all areas except with regards to body image

Question 30

Why is the knowledge of one's ethnic identity so crucial to people and especially adolescents?

A) Strong identification with the mainstream culture is critical for adolescents.
B) Adolescents who have a strong ethnic identity tend to have higher self-esteem.
C) Identifying with the mainstream culture weakens ethnic identity in some groups but not others.
D) Successive generations may have an increasingly weaker ethnic identity.

Question 31

Who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) 4-year-old Tony
B) 8-year-old Amanda
C) 12-year-old Bobby
D) 16-year-old Tammy

Question 32

How do parents influence adolescents' levels of self-esteem?

A) Adolescents' levels of self-esteem are not influenced by their parents.
B) Parental rules lead to lower levels of self-esteem in adolescents.
C) Levels of parental affection are inversely related to self-esteem levels in adolescents.
D) A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self-esteem in adolescents.

Question 33

Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager with high-achievement status?

A) Kate and Albert, who encourage autonomy in their children
B) Ed and June, who encourage conformity in their children
C) Oliver and Harriet, who discourage experimentation in their children
D) George and Jane, who strictly enforce unjustified rules

Question 34

Jerry is upset because his girlfriend just broke up with him. When his parents attempt to console Jerry, he tells them, "It's no use; you couldn't possibly know how I feel. No one knows how I feel!" What concept does Jerry's statement exemplify?

A) an imaginary audience
B) a personal fable
C) moratorium
D) learned helplessness

Question 35

Learning about one's culture and heritage sets the foundation for what aspect of a person's identity?

A) ethnic identity
B) crystallized identity
C) index identity
D) imaginary identity

Question 36

Ferris is considering driving his car onto a lake that appears to be frozen, but may not be safe. He thinks to himself, "Only dummies fall through the ice in their cars and I am no dummy, so I will drive on the ice even though I am not sure it's safe." What concept does Ferris's decision exemplify?

A) an imaginary audience
B) a personal fable
C) an illusion of invulnerability
D) learned helplessness

Question 37

Hannah is an Aboriginal individual, and she has absolutely no interest in learning anything about her family's culture. Which of the following is most likely about Hannah?

A) She has authoritative parents.
B) She has higher self-esteem than most of her peers.
C) She is a young adolescent.
D) She has a well-developed ethnic identity.

Question 38

Which of the following individuals is most likely to identify with his/her ethnic identity?

A) Pedro, who is 4 years old
B) Carlita, who is 15 years old
C) Sofia, who is 19 years old
D) Phillipe, who is 19 years old

Question 39

Li's parents were very disappointed with him because they believed that he forgot about the customs and traditions of his "old" home country when he moved to Canada. According to Marks, Patton, and Garcia Coll (2011), which ethnic group believes that their children lose touch with their ethnic identity?

A) Vietnamese
B) Chinese
C) Korean
D) Japanese

Question 40

Which of the following is considered to be an advantage for an adolescent who has achieved a strong ethnic identity?

A) He/she has less trouble with the law.
B) He/she makes more money at a part-time job.
C) He/she is more popular among his/her peers.
D) He/she gets better grades in school.

Question 41

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a viral infection?

A) herpes
B) chlamydia
C) syphilis
D) gonorrhea

Question 42

Who is least likely to engage in sexual behaviour?

A) Kelly, who has a difficult relationship with her parents and whose peers have already had sex
B) Julie, who has a close relationship with her parents and whose friends have already had sex
C) Joe, who has parents who do not monitor his activities closely
D) Sara, who has a close relationship with her parents and whose friends have not already had sex

Question 43

Shelley started to date at the age of 13. She is now 20 years old and has had multiple sexual partners and problems throughout her adolescent years. In terms of her adult relationships, what will Shelley likely experience as she ages?

A) more satisfying romantic relationships
B) less satisfying romantic relationships
C) a rocky marriage and subsequent divorce
D) a long-lasting, happy marriage

Question 44

How does your textbook characterize the notion of adolescence being a time of great "storm and stress?"

A) as a trend
B) as a fact
C) as a myth
D) as a temporary phase

Question 45

What effect does the firm-but-fair approach to parenting have on adolescents?

A) It has no effect on self-esteem in adolescents.
B) It contributes to higher self-esteem in adolescents.
C) It is less effective than authoritative parenting in fostering higher self-esteem in adolescents.
D) It is only effective in fostering higher self-esteem in adolescents if paired with good peer relationships.

Question 46

What do the most effective pregnancy-prevention programs focus on?

A) abstinence and parental supervision of dating partners
B) education concerning biological reproduction and abortion
C) education concerning responsible sexual behaviour and becoming a parent
D) abstinence, reproductive education, and sexual responsibility

Question 47

Which of the following sentiments is an important feature of the romantic relationship between Joey and Casey, two 18-year-old teens?

A) intimacy
B) companionship
C) honesty
D) empathy

Question 48

About what percentage of male and female students in Grade 11 identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual?

A) 1%
B) 3%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 49

Who has the least effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?

A) Janice, who says, "We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them."
B) Denise, who says, "Teenage women should be more informed about how difficult it is to be a teenage parent."
C) Aaron, who says, "We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception."
D) Debbie, who says, "To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives."

Question 50

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women?

A) gonorrhea
B) chlamydia
C) herpes
D) syphilis

Question 51

According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (2011), what percentage of youth aged 15-19 report having engaged in sexual intercourse at least once?

A) 27%
B) 35%
C) 46%
D) 53%

Question 52

Rebecca is pregnant. She has had a sexually transmitted infection, and she is concerned that she may pass this on to her newborn infant during the birthing process. Which STI does Rebecca have?

A) genital human papilloma virus
B) syphilis
C) genital herpes
D) chlamydia

Question 53

Approximately what percentage of women do not experience any symptoms with chlamydia?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 54

Wendy just found out that she has a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by bacteria. Which of the following diseases does Wendy have?

A) HIV
B) syphilis
C) hepatitis B
D) herpes

Question 55

Statistically speaking, how does the Aboriginal and Inuit teenage pregnancy rate compare to the national rate?

A) It is up to two times the national rate.
B) It is up to almost triple the national rate.
C) It is about one-quarter the national rate.
D) It is about the same as the national rate.

Question 56

According to Carver, Egan, and Perry (2004), what approximate percentage of teens experience a time of sexual questioning in which they are attracted to members of the opposite gender?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 57

When asked why she became pregnant, 15-year-old Tanya says, "I did it on purpose so that I could be a loving adult mom." Which reason for not using contraceptives does her rationale illustrate?

A) ignorance
B) illusion of invulnerability
C) lack of motivation
D) lack of access

Question 58

According to Laursen and Collins (1994), how must parents view their relationships with their adolescent children who are developing a growing sense of autonomy?

A) Parents are saddened that their children are growing up.
B) Parents fear that increased arguments will occur.
C) Parents must view their children as their equals.
D) Parents still view their children as those who they must protect and discipline.

Question 59

When it comes to their parents, how do most adolescents feel towards them?

A) They admire and love their parents.
B) They experience mainly "storm and stress" when interacting with their parents.
C) They spend increasing amounts of time with their parents.
D) They are usually unhappy as they approach adulthood.

Question 60

Nick and Alexandra are typical Canadian teenagers. How would their descriptions concerning their first sexual experience most likely differ?

A) Nick would be more likely to describe his first partner as someone that he loves.
B) Nick would be more likely to feel guilty about his first sexual experience.
C) Alexandra would describe Nick as "her first love."
D) Alexandra would describe the experience as a casual affair.

Question 61

Jolene has just landed a job as an architect at a prestigious firm in Toronto. At which phase of career development has Jolene arrived?

A) crystallization
B) specification
C) implementation
D) progression

Question 62

Sixteen-year-old Karl has recently identified himself as gay. Which scenario is most likely part of Karl's past or future experience?

A) Karl will be at risk for health problems when he ages.
B) Karl was seduced by an older man when he was a child.
C) Karl has a weak father.
D) Karl will be at risk for mental health problems.

Question 63

Kerry just experienced a form of violence on her recent date with Justin. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2008), what percentage of teens report such dating violence experiences?

A) 18%
B) 25%
C) 32%
D) 40%

Question 64

Wink has excellent verbal skills and relates well on an interpersonal level. According to Holland, which personality type does Wink most likely have?

A) investigative
B) conventional
C) social
D) realistic

Question 65

Seventeen-year-old Caroline develops an interest in astronomy. If she is in Super's specification stage of career development, what would her next step most likely involve?

A) taking a full-time job at an observatory
B) signing up for a course in basic astronomy
C) determining whether she has a personality type suited for work as an astronomer
D) trying to get a handle on other aspects of her life (e.g., relationships)

Question 66

Of the following theorists, whose theory does the best job of describing the developmental progression of career choice?

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Super
D) Holland

Question 67

For most girls, when does the attraction to other females most typically appear?

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) early teens
D) late adolescence

Question 68

Sid and Nora are out on their fifth date. Which factor is likely to increase the possibility of some type of sexual violence occurring?

A) Sid is drinking heavily and Nora is using drugs.
B) Nora is wearing a very short miniskirt.
C) In the past, Sid and Nora have engaged in sexual intercourse.
D) Sid and Nora are an inter-racial couple.

Question 69

Which theory states that the key factor in determining whether a job will be fulfilling is your personal characteristics?

A) personality-type theory
B) Piagetian theory
C) socio-cultural theory
D) cognitive-developmental theory

Question 70

People describe Suzanne as someone who is highly task-oriented and who enjoys abstract thinking. Which personality type does Suzanne most likely have?

A) investigative
B) conventional
C) social
D) realistic

Question 71

What is the correct order of the phases of career development?

A) specification, crystallization, implementation
B) crystallization, specification, implementation
C) implementation, specification, crystallization
D) crystallization, implementation, specification

Question 72

Which of the following is a major theme of most dating and relationship violence prevention workshops?

A) establishing good communication about sex
B) avoiding sexual relationships
C) re-establishing traditional sex-roles
D) avoiding any struggle as an attack is occurring

Question 73

What is the main point of Holland's theory?

A) People develop career goals at different rates.
B) People will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.
C) People should take tests to determine which career is best for them.
D) People should choose a career based on economic issues and should not be concerned about choosing a career in order to fulfill their lives.

Question 74

According to Holland, who is best matched with their career type?

A) Scientist Ralph, who has a realistic personality
B) Poet Norton, who has an investigative personality
C) Real-estate agent Alice, who has an enterprising personality
D) Social worker Trixie, who has an artistic personality

Question 75

Nan is an individual who enjoys working outside, taking care of park lands, planting trees, and building forest trails. Which of Holland's types best describes Nan's interests?

A) investigative
B) conventional
C) social
D) realistic

Question 76

While counselling a friend who is having trouble with his girlfriend, 13-year-old Stan decides that he has a talent for helping people deal with their problems and decides that he should pursue a career as a clinical psychologist. Which one of Super's stages of career development is Stan exhibiting?

A) implementation
B) specification
C) realistic
D) crystallization

Question 77

Dylan is having difficulty in deciding upon his future career. He is really good in sports, especially hockey, but not so good in his classes at school. Fellow students call him a "jock", and he likes the adulation, so he decides that he wants to be a hockey player. What factor, according to Donald Super (1976, 1980), is Dylan using as a primary force to determine his choice of careers?

A) skill
B) peer pressure
C) hearsay
D) identity

Question 78

During the implementation phase of career development, what does a person do?

A) He or she first begins to think about career options.
B) He or she selects the career of their parents.
C) He or she becomes more educated about career options.
D) He or she takes a job and learns firsthand about a career.

Question 79

According to Super, what does the key element of the specification phase of career development involve?

A) limiting career possibilities
B) taking the job
C) setting no limits
D) a feeling of uniqueness

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of sexual violence?

A) being hit or kicked during intercourse
B) being bullied to have sexual intercourse
C) being forced to engage in sexual activity against one's will
D) being threatened that nude pictures of you will be shown on the Internet