Deck 10: C: Lifespan Development

Question 1

Which of the following is true about longitudinal studies?

A)The potential for cohort effects makes them difficult to interpret.
B)They generally take less time than cross-sectional studies.
C)They are more prone to errors and biases than cross-sectional studies.
D)They often have more attrition than cross-sectional studies.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise in the ways in which people experience physical,cognitive,social,and emotional changes over the course of their lives.The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

A)developmental
B)child
C)social
D)cognitive

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a cross-sectional study,subjects from the same age category are referred to as

A)a cohort.
B)an experimental group.
C)a control group.
D)a stage model.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of prenatal development?

A)germinal,embryonic,fetal
B)germinal,fetal,embryonic
C)fetal,germinal,embryonic
D)fetal,embryonic,germinal

Question 5

__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time.

A)Longitudinal
B)Cohort
C)Sequential
D)Cross-sectional

Question 6

A(n)_________ is formed when the sperm fuses with the nuclei of the egg.

A)germinal
B)embryo
C)zygote
D)fetus

Question 7

In a __________design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)lifetime
D)cross-sectional

Question 8

Developmental changes during childhood tend to occur

A)in a linear fashion.
B)in stages.
C)gradually.
D)smoothly over time.

Question 9

The germinal stage

A)occurs from 0 to 2 weeks after fertilization.
B)occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
C)occurs from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth.
D)occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization.

Question 10

The heart and nervous system begin to form when the developing child is categorized as a(n)________.

A)fetus
B)zygote
C)embryo
D)blastocyst

Question 11

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behaviour changes when they grow up in high-risk environments.He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research,and observes these children once a year for 20 years.This type of research is an example of a __________ study.

A)sequential
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)continuous

Question 12

A researcher performs a study comparing the video-game playing ability of 20-year-olds to 60-year-olds.The results indicate that the 20-year-olds learned to play a new game much faster than the 60-year-olds.However,the researchers are uncertain whether this indicates that the 20-year-olds' ability will decrease over time,or whether the 60-year-olds had more difficulty because they grew up before there were video games.What issue is this an example of?

A)cohort effects
B)attrition
C)stage model error
D)experimenter expectancy effects

Question 13

Xiao is gathering research on the number of daily calories people typically consume at various ages.He gathers data about the number of calories eaten by 25 people in each of the following age categories: 10,20,30,40,50,60,and 70 years.What type of research design is Xiao using?

A)continuous
B)cross-sectional
C)sequential
D)longitudinal

Question 14

The placenta:

A)is the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment.
B)is a group of cells within the blastocyst that develop into the fetus.
C)passes oxygen,nutrients,and waste to and from the fetus.
D)is the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old.

Question 15

The very beginning of development involves the _________ dividing into a ball of cells called the _________ and travelling down the fallopian tubes.

A)blastocyst;zygote
B)zygote;fetus
C)blastocyst;embryo
D)zygote;blastocyst

Question 16

The process of _________,in which fatty tissue builds up around neurons,begins around the end of the second trimester.

A)synaptogenesis
B)plasticity
C)convolution
D)myelination

Question 17

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the blastocyst is moving down from the fallopian tubes to her uterus.Which stage of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 18

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A)The period during which the blastocyst moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
B)The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop.
C)The period during which the zygote is formed.
D)The period during which the skeletal,organ,and nervous systems become more developed and specialized.

Question 19

One advantage of using a longitudinal design over a cross-sectional design is that longitudinal designs

A)are more prone to errors and biases.
B)are less likely to be affected by attrition.
C)avoid issues associated with cohort effects.
D)require less time to perform.

Question 20

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing.Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 21

In the presence of an unpleasant odour,newborns will

A)turn towards the source of the smell.
B)cringe.
C)not react,as their olfactory system is not yet developed enough to detect most odours.
D)seek out their primary caregiver.

Question 22

The Moro reflex is most likely to be produced when

A)someone lightly stokes the baby's cheek.
B)the baby loses support of his or her head.
C)the baby smells his mother's breast milk.
D)the baby's palm is pressed.

Question 23

Greta's child has facial deformities,learning difficulties,and delayed growth.If these defects could be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,which was she most likely consuming?

A)nicotine
B)cocaine
C)marijuana
D)alcohol

Question 24

____________ for preterm babies involves skin-to-skin contact between infants and caregivers and encouraging breastfeeding.

A)NIDCAP
B)Kangaroo care
C)Doula care
D)Cuddle care

Question 25

Which ability may take up to 2 months after birth to develop?

A)discriminating between complex odours
B)seeing objects at a distance of 30cm
C)voluntary motor movements
D)colour discrimination

Question 26

Newborns show the most preference for looking at

A)faces and face-like stimuli.
B)images of scrambled faces.
C)images with multiple colours and shapes.
D)familiar objects they've seen many times before.

Question 27

Although babies are born with most of the neurons they will need throughout their lives,they are still lacking

A)the connections between the neurons.
B)the myelin covering on the neuronal cells.
C)the sulci and gyri of the cortex.
D)any synapses in the cortex.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)facial malformations
B)respiratory difficulties
C)deficits in mental functioning
D)growth problems

Question 29

Which of the following is a key component of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)for preterm infants?

A)exposing the infants to specific patterns of visual and auditory stimuli to promote brain development
B)placing infants into a simulated womb,complete with placenta and amniotic fluid
C)recreating the birthing experience at what would have been 37 weeks of gestation if the infant had been carried to full term
D)minimizing exposure to light and sounds that can over-stimulate the developing brain

Question 30

_________ was prescribed for morning sickness but led to severe birth defects.

A)Phocomelia
B)Thalidomide
C)Ginger
D)Marijuana

Question 31

A friend of yours is pregnant and particularly afraid of her child dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)after he is born.What should you tell your friend to avoid because it puts her child at greater risk of dying from SIDS?

A)drinking alcohol
B)eating processed foods
C)eating unpasteurized foods
D)tobacco exposure

Question 32

Elizabeth is nursing her newborn daughter and holds the baby up to her breast.When she strokes her baby's cheek,the child turns her head toward the breast and finds her mother's nipple.This is a demonstration of the __________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)suckling
C)Moro
D)grasping

Question 33

While the chance of survival for infants born at 25 weeks is about 50%,the probability for survival is 95% by ________ weeks of gestation.

A)26
B)30
C)37
D)40

Question 34

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance (such as a drug,chemical,or virus)that can cause a birth defect?

A)teratogen
B)sensitive period
C)carcinogen
D)phocomelia

Question 35

The involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation seen in newborns are referred to as

A)tremors.
B)reflexes.
C)accommodations.
D)preoperational movements.

Question 36

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to

A)grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward.
B)open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
C)grab onto objects placed onto the centre of their palm.
D)close the eyes when startled by loud noises.

Question 37

By seven to eight months of gestation,not only can infants hear,but they also seem to be actively listening.According to your textbook,which of the following is one of the ways researchers know this?

A)Infants in the womb will exhibit movement that matches the beat of external music.
B)Infants in the womb show an increase in movement when hearing a story they've been read previously.
C)Infants show a preference for stories read aloud to them prior to birth.
D)Infants show knowledge of vocabulary words they heard while still in the womb.

Question 38

At birth,newborns have approximately _________ neurons,and far more ________ than adults.

A)4000;synapses
B)100 billion;neural connections
C)100 billion;synapses
D)4000;neural connections

Question 39

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A)increased birth weight and lethargy
B)lower birth weight and premature birth
C)severe hearing loss and heart defects
D)severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 40

Which of the following is true of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?

A)It has been discredited and retracted by the journal that published it.
B)It won Andrew Wake the 1999 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
C)It has been successfully replicated several times.
D)While the original study has problems,the scientific community still supports the connection between vaccines and autism.

Question 41

According to Piaget,knowledge accumulates and is modified by which two processes?

A)sensation and perception
B)assimilation and theory of mind
C)accommodation and observation
D)assimilation and accommodation

Question 42

Kisha understands her world by grasping,sucking,and physically handling objects in her path.Kisha is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 43

Cross-cultural studies show that children raised in different environments mature at slightly different rates.These variations in rate are likely due to differences in

A)the age when infants begin practising motor skills.
B)the genes they inherited from their parents.
C)educational systems.
D)nutrition.

Question 44

A(n)__________ period refers to the optimal time period when the normal development of a particular skill must take place.

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)sensitive
D)imprinting

Question 45

When her older brother hides behind the sofa,Carmella looks behind the sofa to find him.Carmella appears to have developed

A)object permanence.
B)theory of mind.
C)conservation of number.
D)transitivity.

Question 46

In cultures where mothers expect their children to reach motor-related milestones,like walking,earlier,researchers have found

A)the children actually matured slower than the global average.
B)the children matured at the same rate as the global average.
C)the children reached the milestones at an earlier age than children from other cultures.
D)the parents showed extreme anxiety if their child developed more slowly than they had expected.

Question 47

According to Piaget,the process of absorbing new information into existing beliefs,is called

A)theory of mind.
B)assimilation.
C)conservation.
D)accommodation.

Question 48

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.

A)social
B)cognitive
C)motor
D)sensory

Question 49

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called

A)fetal periods.
B)sensitive periods.
C)Piaget's periods.
D)assimilation.

Question 50

According to Piaget,the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called

A)theory of mind.
B)assimilation .
C)conservation.
D)accommodation.

Question 51

The loss of weak nerve cell connections in the brain is known as

A)synaptogenesis.
B)myelination.
C)neurogenesis.
D)synaptic pruning.

Question 52

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development,from birth to adulthood?

A)formal operational,concrete operational,preoperational,sensory motor
B)preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational

Question 53

The study of the changes in memory,thought,and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan,is called

A)gerontology.
B)psychopathology.
C)child psychology.
D)cognitive development.

Question 54

Jerome has a black,fluffy pet cat.When he encounters a small fluffy black dog,he calls it a "cat".This is an example of Piaget's concept of

A)accommodation.
B)preoperational thought.
C)assimilation.
D)theory of mind.

Question 55

The creation of new synaptic connections between neurons is called ___________________,whereas the removal of weak connections is called _______________.

A)myelination;neurogenesis
B)neurogenesis;myelination
C)synaptogenesis;synaptic pruning
D)synaptic pruning;synaptogenesis

Question 56

Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by understanding of symbols,pretend play,and mastery of the concept of conservation?

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 57

Suppose a child were raised by abusive parents who kept her locked in a basement,completely separated from human contact,for the first 7 years of her life.When she was finally rescued,case workers found that it was very difficult to teach her how to communicate.This would be because the child was not exposed to language during the

A)sensitive period.
B)sensorimotor stage.
C)assimilation period.
D)concrete operational stage.

Question 58

The major developmental milestone of the _______________ stage is the achievement of object permanence.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 59

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says,"Birdie"! Her mother says,"That flies like a bird,Janis,but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying,"Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)accommodation.
B)preoperational thought.
C)assimilation.
D)theory of mind.

Question 60

__________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the understanding that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived.

A)Theory of mind
B)Conservation
C)Transitivity
D)Object permanence

Question 61

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko.She takes his tall glass of milk and pours exactly half of it into a shorter wider glass.Then she says,"Honey,which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass.This demonstrates that Nikko has not yet mastered

A)theory of mind.
B)transitivity.
C)object permanence.
D)conservation.

Question 62

The first time Nova showed a toy panda to her infant son,he appeared very interested and stared at it for a long time.Over time,however,Nova has noticed that her son has become less interested in the toy and only looks at it briefly.This is an example of

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)dishabituation.
D)habituation.

Question 63

Abel's dad is playing with him by shaking a rattle in front of him.After some time,Abel loses interest and stops paying attention.Abel's dad then shows him a sock puppet and Abel is once again captivated.This example demonstrates the concept of

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)dishabituation.
D)habituation.

Question 64

Although not all psychologists agree,research using habituation and dishabituation,as discussed in your textbook,suggests that very young infants might

A)understand the meaning of some simple words.
B)demonstrate object permanence.
C)recognize their parents.
D)have a rudimentary appreciation for numbers.

Question 65

Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?

A)Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch.
B)Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
C)Babies become attached to adults who smile at them.
D)Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices.

Question 66

Asking students to predict how the course of Canadian history may have changed if the expulsion of the Acadians had not occurred,would likely be most comprehensively answered by students in which of Piaget's stages?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 67

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s)is called

A)maternal love.
B)temperament.
C)Harlow's Bond.
D)attachment.

Question 68

Hakim and his older sister,Nada,are at the kitchen table working on their homework.Nada reads Hakim one of the questions she's working on,"Imagine you want to test the hypothesis that warm water freezes faster than cold water.Design an experiment to test your hypothesis." Hakim is very confused and doesn't quite understand this approach to thinking.Given this example,Hakim is likely in the ________ stage,while Nada is likely in the _________ stage.

A)formal operational;concrete operational
B)concrete operational;formal operational
C)preoperational;concrete operational
D)concrete operational;preoperational

Question 69

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that

A)surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
B)surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
C)the first surrogate mother to be presented to the infant monkeys,led to the strongest attachment responses.
D)surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses.

Question 70

According to Piaget,a child in the _____________ stage of cognitive development should be able to think in a logical and organized manner,but is likely to have difficulty understanding the more abstract ideas,like those found in algebra.

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 71

Ms.Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal-sized lumps of clay.Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape.Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay.Mark's behaviour represents

A)an inability to accommodate.
B)an inability to conserve.
C)difficulty with formal operational tasks.
D)a lack of object permanence.

Question 72

The core knowledge hypothesis suggests that

A)infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment.
B)children do not develop true abstract thinking until after puberty.
C)children must first develop an essential set of cognitive skills before they can develop abstract thinking.
D)infants and children primarily learn through a process of accommodation and assimilation.

Question 73

Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother.Pemba plays with the toys in the room,but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there.When Pemba's mother leaves the room,he becomes moderately upset,but is easily soothed when she returns.Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?

A)anxious
B)secure
C)ambivalent
D)avoidant

Question 74

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.

A)theory of mind
B)separation
C)strange situation
D)stranger danger

Question 75

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 76

In Harlow's studies with young monkeys,the monkeys were exposed to a wire mother with a bottle and a cloth mother without a bottle.The young monkeys spent their non-feeding time

A)with the wire mother.
B)with both mothers equally.
C)with the cloth mother.
D)away from both mothers.

Question 77

When a child cannot complete a task on their own,but is capable with the help of an adult,the child is said to be

A)in the zone of proximal development.
B)experiencing a teachable moment.
C)demonstrating the core knowledge hypothesis.
D)in the formal operational stage of development.

Question 78

Sparrow has just learned how to sound out each written letter in the alphabet.Her teacher,Ms.Lee,wants to use scaffolding to help Sparrow learn to read.What would be a good 'next step' for Ms.Lee to use?

A)teach Sparrow how to print the letters she can now sound out
B)teach Sparrow how to sound out simple words such as 'cat' and 'bat'
C)teach Sparrow the difference between consonants and vowels
D)teach Sparrow how to read a consonant and a letter put together such as 'ba' or 'da'

Question 79

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects,Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to

A)biological changes in the brain.
B)expectations from caregivers.
C)completing activities independently,without help from others.
D)interaction between a child and skilled people.

Question 80

Piper is playing in the waiting room at the doctor's office with her mother present,although Piper isn't paying much attention to her.Piper does not respond in any way when her mother leaves her in the room with a stranger or when she returns.What type of attachment does Piper likely have?

A)anxious
B)disorganized
C)ambivalent
D)avoidant