Deck 12: The Emotions As Motivators

Question 1

According to the James-Lange theory:

A) emotion is a result of our bodily responses to a stimulus.
B) emotion is a direct result of an external stimulus.
C) emotion can occur without a prior stimulus.
D) emotion is not a factor in the arousal of behavior.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following structures is most important in controlling emotion, according to Cannon?

A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The _____ theory of emotion proposes that both physiological arousal and cognitive attributions are necessary for the full experience of emotion.

A) cognitive attributional
B) cognitive-physiological
C) physiological-attribution
D) bodily reaction cognition

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which portion of the autonomic nervous system is most active when energy stores of the body are being expended?

A) parasympathetic
B) central
C) peripheral
D) sympathetic

Question 5

Cannon believed that emotion is associated with:

A) activation of internal organs
B) activation of the sympathetic nervous system
C) activation of the muscles
D) activation of motivations

Question 6

According to Darwin, _____ were learned behaviors that became innate because of their usefulness.

A) social facilitation
B) serviceable associated habits
C) direct action on the nervous system
D) inherited actions

Question 7

According to the work of Buck and Rosenthal, women are _____ than men in sending and receiving nonverbal information.

A) better
B) worse
C) significantly worse
D) no better or worse

Question 8

According to Schachter, emotion:

A) involves both bodily movement and feedback from internal organs.
B) Involves cognitive factors, alone.
C) involves both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
D) involves basic, genetically determined responses.

Question 9

According to Buck's studies of human facial expressiveness:

A) men are more facially expressive than women.
B) women are more facially expressive than men.
C) men are better at reading facial expression than women.
D) men and women are equally skilled at displaying and reading facial expression.

Question 10

The _____ nervous system is most active when the body is in the process of storing energy for future use.

A) sympathetic
B) somatic
C) parasympathetic
D) automatic

Question 11

Papez proposed a system of structures that were concerned with emotional expression. These structures have come to be known as the:

A) emotional brain system
B) limbic system
C) hypothalamic-thoracic circuit
D) cingulate cortex connection

Question 12

Originally the word emotion meant:

A) to be motivated
B) to feel
C) to touch
D) to move

Question 13

According to Eibl-Eibesfeldt, defined behavior patterns that have become differentiated into signals are called:

A) behavioral signals
B) motivated signals
C) expressive movements
D) inherited movements

Question 14

Cannon believed that emotion was associated with activation of which portion(s) of the nervous system?

A) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
B) the parasympathetic nervous system, alone
C) the cerebellum
D) the sympathetic nervous system, alone

Question 15

The cognitive-physiological theory of emotion in which it is assumed that both physiological arousal and a cognitive label are necessary for the full experience of emotion was proposed by:

A) Cannon
B) Hebb
C) Schachter
D) Lange

Question 16

Which of the following was NOT one of W. B. Cannon's criticisms of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) changes occurring in the internal organs are too slow to provide the experience of emotion.
B) bodily changes are very different depending upon the emotion shown.
C) bodily changes could be eliminated without disturbing the emotions of an organism.
D) artificial induction of an aroused emotional state does not lead to an emotional "feeling".

Question 17

_____ saw the expression of emotion as simultaneous with activation of the body.

A) Freud
B) James
C) Cannon
D) Ekman

Question 18

Prior to William James's 1884 article on emotion, the arousal of behavior was viewed as the last of a three step process as follows:

A) perception of a stimulus, cognitive analysis of that stimulus, arousal of behavior
B) reception of a stimulus, perception of the stimulus, arousal of behavior
C) perception of a stimulus, development of an emotion, arousal of behavior
D) reception of a stimulus, focus of attention on the stimulus, arousal of behavior

Question 19

Darwin's principle which states that opposite emotions result in the expression of opposite types of behavior is known as the principle of:

A) serviceable associated habits
B) direct action
C) antithesis
D) balanced emotions

Question 20

The _____ theory of emotion suggested that emotion occurred as a result of our bodily responses to an object.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) Schachter Cognitive-Physiological
C) James-Lange
D) Bandura-Ekman

Question 21

Seligman suggested that:

A) emotional learning is unprepared
B) all phobias are a result of classical conditioning
C) emotion is independent of learning
D) emotional learning is prepared

Question 22

Bandura argued that emotionality can be learned through observation of others. Such learning is called:

A) observational hypothesis
B) modeling
C) artificially-induced learning
D) independent learning

Question 23

Studies of nonverbal expression of emotion by Haith, Rosenthal, and Buck support the idea that:

A) nonverbal cues are unreliable indicators of emotion
B) men are better emotional communicators than women
C) humans are sensitive to nonverbal communication
D) none of the above

Question 24

Which of the following is generally true of phobias?

A) phobias are arbitrary
B) phobias are not resistant to extinction
C) phobias are generally reactions to naturally occurring objects
D) phobias require repeated exposure to develop

Question 25

According to Snyder, people who are _____ self-monitors are motivated to change behavior to meet demands of the situation, while _____ self-monitors are motivated to engage in behavior that is consistent with their internal state.

A) moderate; high
B) low; high
C) low; moderate
D) high; low

Question 26

Currently the _____ has been implicated as the primary brain structure concerned with the production and governance of the expression of emotion.

A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 27

Cognitive approaches to understanding emotion stress importance of cognitive _____, according to Lazarus.

A) appraisal
B) interpretation
C) perception
D) learning

Question 28

Research indicates the _____ is important to the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal changes that occur in emotional situations.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) cortex
D) cerebellum

Question 29

Phineas Gage is most well-known because:

A) he was a brilliant neuroscientist who discovered the importance of the limbic system
B) he survived a brain injury and underwent personality changes due to the brain damage
C) he invented the MRI, a technology for imaging brain structures
D) he was born without the ability to express emotion

Question 30

According to Bandura, emotionality:

A) can be learned through observation of others
B) cannot be learned through observation of others
C) is totally innate
D) none of the above

Question 31

Zajonc contends that a physiological explanation of the finding that emotion can occur quickly and without cognition is the direct ling between the thalamus and the:

A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Question 32

The _____ is crucial for the reinforcing effects of natural as well as drug-related reinforcers.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) medulla

Question 33

Zajonc argued that emotion is independent of, and can occur prior to, cognition. This is called the:

A) emotional independence hypothesis
B) primacy of affect
C) cognitive interpretation of emotion
D) social learning approach

Question 34

Valins conducted a study of male college students. They viewed slides of seminude females and were provided with false heartbeat feedback information. Which of the following did he find?

A) slides associated with a decrease in heartbeat rate were preferred.
B) slides associated with an increase in heartbeat rate were preferred.
C) slides associated with a change in heartbeat rate (either up or down) were preferred.
D) there was no correlation between change in heartbeat rate and preference.

Question 35

According to Seligman, a phobia is an example of _____ learning in humans.

A) contraprepared
B) unprepared
C) prepared
D) ultra prepared

Question 36

Which of these brain structures provides input to the amygdala about the social context of emotions?

A) hypothalamus
B) cingulate gyrus
C) hippocampus
D) orbital frontal cortex

Question 37

Both natural and artificial (drug) reinforcers stimulate the release of _____ in the nucleus accumbens.

A) histamine
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) adrenaline

Question 38

The _____ nucleus of the amygdala appears to be important for the association of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus in conditioned fear situations.

A) basolateral
B) ventral medial
C) anterior
D) posterior

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of Zajonc's arguments for primacy of affect?

A) emotions are inescapable
B) affect is basic
C) emotional reactions are difficult to verbalize
D) emotion requires cognition

Question 40

Theories which include the idea that emotion is the result of an appraisal of the present condition of stimuli suggest that:

A) emotions do not require cognition
B) emotions are universal
C) emotions require cognition
D) emotions are innate

Question 41

According to Izard, _____ emotions are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, automatic responses to stimuli, and short in duration.

A) schema
B) complex
C) basic
D) cognitive

Question 42

Which is NOT one of the reasons that Zajonc argued that emotions are universal?

A) emotions are difficult to verbalize
B) emotions must be preceded by cognition
C) emotions are difficult to alter
D) emotions are inescapable

Question 43

The _____ proposes that the emotion we experience is influenced by feedback from facial muscles or skin.

A) feedback principle
B) facial network proposal
C) facial feedback hypothesis
D) physiological-feedback initiative

Question 44

According to Ekman, _____ are learned early in life and determine which emotional expressions are appropriate in particular situations.

A) core emotions
B) basic emotions
C) custom emotions
D) display rules

Question 45

According to the circumplex model of emotion, emotional labels bay be arranged:

A) into a rectangular shape around three dimensions
B) into a conical shape around three dimensions
C) in a circular shape around two dimensions
D) in a hierarchy

Question 46

Russell proposed the _____ model of affect, which classifies emotions along two dimensions, with emotional words describing a circle around the dimensions.

A) circumplex
B) dimensional
C) adaptive circular
D) learned

Question 47

According to Zajonc, emotion is:

A) genetically predetermined
B) independent of, and can occur prior to, any cognition
C) dependent on cognitive factors in the individual
D) culturally determined

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Izard's original differential emotions theory?

A) emotion is inherently adaptive
B) emotions are discreet
C) emotions are learned in social situations
D) emotions interact with each other

Question 49

According to Tomkins, every society puts constraints on the expression of emotions. These voluntarily modified emotions are called:

A) display rules
B) feedback emotions
C) social emotions
D) backed-up emotions

Question 50

Tomkins and Izard have both stressed the importance of _____ in both experience and the communication of emotion.

A) physiology and learning
B) social circumstances
C) facial changes
D) development and learning

Question 51

Strack found that when subjects were forced to adopt a facial posture similar to smiling while rating the humor of cartoons, the cartoons were rated:

A) equally humorous independent of the facial posture
B) as more humorous when the face was held in a "smile"
C) as less humorous when the face was held in a "smile"
D) as funny or not funny depending on the personality of the participants

Question 52

Ekman and his colleagues conducted research which indicates that:

A) facial expressions of emotion are universal
B) facial expressions of emotion are learned in infancy
C) facial expressions are culturally determined
D) facial expressions do not correlate strongly with emotional state

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of Izard's basic emotions?

A) interest
B) love
C) happiness
D) anger

Question 54

The idea that our movements allow us to experience particular emotions is called:

A) the circumplex model of emotion
B) the facial feedback hypothesis
C) the differential emotions theory
D) display rules

Question 55

Currently cross-cultural research defends Ekman's idea that some emotions are:

A) universal
B) not developed until adolescence
C) totally unique to the environmental
D) unreliable in public

Question 56

According to Russell, _____ is the aspect of emotional experience that can be mapped on the dimensions of pleasantness and arousal.

A) circumplex dimensionality
B) core affect
C) emotional schema
D) basic emotion adaptation

Question 57

According to Tomkins' model, which of the following statements would be true?

A) there is an unlimited number of emotions
B) emotions are learned
C) communicative behaviors associated with emotions are preprogrammed
D) emotions have little to do with external stimuli

Question 58

When an individual does not display a universal facial expression in the presence of an authority figure, the inhibition of that expression is due to:

A) cultural constraint
B) display rules
C) innate response
D) display blocking

Question 59

In comparative studies of true smiles (with emotion of happiness) and lie smiles (without emotion of happiness), it was found that:

A) there was no difference between the two
B) children are better at producing lie smiles than adults
C) the main difference was in the use of facial muscles around the eyes
D) the main difference was in the use of facial muscles around the mouth