Deck 9: Cognitive Motivation: Social Motivation and Consistency

Question 1

A relationship is said to be unbalanced if a married couple:

A) wants to buy different houses
B) wants to buy the same house
C) wants to buy different houses and at least one doesn't care about the other's opinion
D) does not want to buy a house

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Festinger, which of the following is NOT one of the ways cognitions about ourselves and the world can be related?

A) irrelevant
B) relevant
C) consonant
D) dissonant

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Cognitive dissonance is aroused when:

A) an individual's behavior is controlled by outside forces
B) cognitions are consistent
C) cognitions are inconsistent
D) an individual does not care

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In Heider's _____ theory, relationships between people and objects may be positive or negative.

A) social facilitation
B) positive fitting
C) balance
D) social loafing

Question 5

In the Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) experiment, the threat of _____ punishment was more effective than the threat of _____ punishment at reducing children's desire to misbehave.

A) strong; mild
B) mild; strong
C) extremely severe; moderate
D) moderate; extremely severe

Question 6

In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the $1 group had insufficient _____ for engaging in behavior contrary to their attitudes about the experiment, thus causing them to enjoy the experiment more.

A) justification
B) money
C) time
D) social loafing

Question 7

Festinger developed _____ theory to explain cognitive consistency motivation.

A) social loafing
B) rationalization
C) cognitive dissonance
D) cognitive balanced

Question 8

In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, which group rated the experiment ass the most enjoyable?

A) participants paid $20
B) control groups
C) participants paid $1
D) participants paid $100

Question 9

Festinger and Carlsmith performed and experiment in which students were paid either nothing, $1, or $20 to lie about a boring task. Which of the following is NOT true about the results of that experiment? The students who were paid:

A) nothing did not change their minds about the experimental task
B) $1 did change their minds about the experimental task
C) $20 did not change their minds about the experimental task
D) $1 did not change their minds about the experimental task

Question 10

According to Festinger's report on a group which prophesied that a flood would destroy their city, when the prophecy failed:

A) the beliefs of the group members grew stronger
B) the group disbanded
C) the group leader confessed that she was wrong
D) the group joined with other groups in protest

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a major criticism of the cognitive dissonance theory?

A) other explanations for behaviors are not ruled out
B) the theory is too vague
C) there are several ways to reduce dissonance
D) there is only one way to reduce dissonance

Question 12

Individuals who expend more effort than others to achieve a desired goal are:

A) more likely to experience a decrease in perceived value of the goal
B) unlikely to experience a change in perceived value of the goal
C) more likely to experience an increase in perceived value of the goal
D) affected by social facilitation more strongly

Question 13

According to Festinger, the method most chosen to reduce cognitive dissonance is:

A) the cheapest
B) the quickest
C) the easiest
D) the most logical

Question 14

According to Bem's self-perception theory:

A) a state of tension exists which must be resolved
B) we observe our behavior as an outsider
C) we behavior based upon our perception of emotion
D) none of the above

Question 15

The first _____ theory was developed by Fritz Heider.

A) cognitive consistency
B) social facilitation
C) serial loafing
D) helping

Question 16

People who reduce their fat intake to reduce dissonance associated with diet and heart disease are using which of the following dissonance reducing techniques?

A) behavior change
B) attitude change
C) rationalization
D) distorted perception

Question 17

Which of the following is an unbalanced relationship?

A) 3 positive
B) 2 negative, 1 positive
C) 3 negative
D) 2 positive, 1 negative

Question 18

Cognitive consistency theories assume all of the following EXCEPT:

A) that individuals are motivated to decrease or eliminate inconsistencies
B) that inconsistencies are unpleasant
C) that rationalization is used to decrease inconsistencies
D) individuals enjoy the variety of inconsistencies

Question 19

Charlie smokes but believes smoking causes cancer. In order to reduce cognitive dissonance, he decides that smoking does not really cause cancer. What has he changed to reduce dissonance?

A) behavior
B) cognition
C) emotion
D) social behavior

Question 20

Studies of postdecisional dissonance and selective exposure to information demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT:

A) commitment to choice is not necessary for postdecisional dissonance
B) postdecisional dissonance most often leads to regret of choice
C) postdecisional dissonance most leads to seeking information that supports the rejected choice
D) postdecisional dissonance never lends to regret of choice

Question 21

Blascovich and colleagues (1999) developed a model to explain social facilitation in terms of _____ and _____ motivation.

A) challenge; threat
B) dominant; recessive
C) audience; coactor
D) social; individual

Question 22

In social facilitation, _____ tends to trigger whatever response is dominant.

A) unique stimuli
B) arousal
C) familiar stimuli
D) friends

Question 23

Asch found in his line comparison experiment that about _____ percent of participants conformed at least once.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 24

Presenting people with very large requests, followed by a second smaller request is called the:

A) door-in-the-face effect
B) social facilitation hypothesis
C) obedience to authority effect
D) foot-in-the-door effect

Question 25

Which of the following did Asch NOT find was a factor that affected conformity motivation?

A) degree of ambiguity
B) group unanimity
C) age of participants
D) group size

Question 26

. One way in which an individual can yield to conformity is by assuming that the group is right and that he or she is incorrect. This is called:

A) perceptual distortion
B) distortion of judgment
C) distortion of action
D) facilitation of conformity

Question 27

An Olympic athlete's tendency to do better when competing against others directly than when practicing alone is due to:

A) coaction effect
B) social facilitation
C) audience effect
D) group conformity

Question 28

In Asch's studies, he did NOT find that participants who conformed:

A) suffer perceptual distortion
B) experience distortion of judgment
C) experience distortion of action
D) thought they were always right in judgment

Question 29

A change in behavior in response to a direct order is called:

A) social compliance
B) obedience
C) social facilitation
D) conformity

Question 30

The most frequent explanation for the foot-in-the-door effect is:

A) social facilitation theory
B) self-perception theory
C) social loafing hypothesis
D) molar behavior theory

Question 31

The idea that people are sometimes more likely to consent to a large request if they had previously agreed to a smaller, related request is called the:

A) social facilitation hypothesis
B) door-in-the-face effect
C) foot-in-the-door effect
D) conformity hypothesis

Question 32

In social facilitation research, the energizing of behavior as a result of the presence of others doing the same thing is called the _____, and when it is the result of the presence of others just watching is called the _____.

A) coaction effect; audience effect
B) energy motivation; observation motivation
C) similar hypothesis; dissimilar hypothesis
D) social hypothesis; achievement hypothesis

Question 33

Cialdini and colleagues (1975) found that students who were first asked to volunteer for two years, and then asked to volunteer for a two hour trip to the zoo with juvenile delinquents were significantly more likely to agree to the zoo, request than were students just asked to do the zoo trip. They labeled this the:

A) foot-in-the-door effect
B) low balling
C) social conformity
D) door-in-the-face effect

Question 34

A change in one's beliefs or behaviors as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group or individual is called:

A) compliance
B) social facilitation
C) conformity
D) social loafing

Question 35

The example of cockroaches running faster down a runway in the presence of other cockroach "observes" is called:

A) social loafing
B) audience effect
C) bystander intervention
D) social running

Question 36

Asch found in his line comparison study some participants assumed their judgment was incorrect, which is called _____ social influence.

A) informational
B) perceptual
C) normative
D) disruptive

Question 37

Other people seek our _____ when they want us to change our behavior in response to a direct request.

A) compliance
B) conformity
C) social facilitation
D) social preference

Question 38

Cialdini and colleagues (1975) concluded that the door-in-the-face effect was due to a motive called:

A) social conformity
B) reciprocal concessions
C) social facilitation
D) revenge

Question 39

In Asch's line comparison study, some participants did not appear different than other participants, called _____ social influence.

A) distortion
B) normative
C), perceptual
D) informational

Question 40

If we compare conformity with compliance we find:

A) there is no appreciable difference between them.
B) conformity is more related to authority.
C) compliance is more related to a direct request to change behavior.
D) we are "asked" or "told" to conform but we "want" to comply.

Question 41

Reduced helping in the presence of others is called:

A) social facilitation
B) independence
C) bystander effect
D) defiance

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the five steps to helping, according to Latané and Darley?

A) notice situation
B) fear of taking action
C) define as emergency
D) accept responsibility to help

Question 43

When you go to your boss to ask for a raise, you begin negotiations by asking for a huge raise that is sure to be rejected. You are using the:

A) door-in-the-face technique
B) social facilitation method
C) foot-in-the-door technique
D) social manipulation technique

Question 44

Upon what does bystander intervention LEAST depend?

A) size of the group around the emergency
B) personality characteristics of the helper
C) characteristics of the emergency situation
D) presence or absence of a friend of the helper

Question 45

In helping behavior situations with high danger to the victim, the bystander effect:

A) is increased slightly
B) is increased significantly
C) is significantly reduced
D) is not affected at all

Question 46

In Milgram's studies of compliance, he found evidence for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) deindividuation
B) detached responsibility
C) importance of presence of an authority figure
D) social facilitation

Question 47

When is an individual most likely to be compliant with directions to do something he or she feels is wrong?

A) when there is a sound scientific reason for doing so
B) when the responsibility can be placed on someone else
C) when they can be identified as the one who complied
D) when they are angry

Question 48

Milgram argues that the basis for obedience or compliance is:

A) one's ability to view oneself as simply an instrument carrying out the orders of someone else
B) one's desire to do what is morally correct
C) fear of punishment
D) lack of empathy

Question 49

In Darley and Batson's (1976) study of seminary students, the level of helping was most influenced by:

A) the topic of their talk
B) the person needing help
C) the reward offered
D) the amount of time they had

Question 50

In Milgram's initial compliance experiments, what percentage of Yale undergraduates were willing to shock subjects with 450 volts?

A) 15
B) 35
C) 65
D) 100

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Milgram identified in his obedience study?

A) personal responsibility
B) characteristics of the authority figure
C) social facilitation
D) context of the experiment

Question 52

Alice donated $1,000 to a charity anonymously. We would likely conclude that her behavior was:

A) selfish
B) altruistic
C) normal
D) obedience

Question 53

Research shows that the motivation for acts of helping is due to:

A) altruistic feelings, only
B) egoistic feelings, only
C) both altruistic and egoistic feelings
D) neither altruistic or egoistic feelings

Question 54

When Princeton University seminary students were used in an experiment on giving aid:

A) students who thought they were early for an appointment were most likely to give aid
B) students who were to talk about the "Good Samaritan" were most likely to give aid
C) time constraints had little or no effect upon aid giving
D) older, more mature students were more likely to give aid

Question 55

In an emergency, everyone looks to others, who are looking to them, and thus everyone appears calm so we think it is not an emergency. Latané and Darley call this:

A) coactor continuation
B) social facilitation
C) social exhaustion
D) pluralistic ignorance

Question 56

According to the experiments by Latané and Darley:

A) presence of a stranger causes one to react more quickly to an emergency
B) presence of a stranger causes one to react more slowly in an emergency
C) presence of a friend reduces the probability that a person will aid another
D) people who were alone were the least likely to react quickly to an emergency

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for not helping in an emergency?

A) don't want to show off
B) amount of commitment
C) don't know what to do
D) emergencies occur suddenly

Question 58

In a situation the presence of others takes the responsibility from the individual. Latané calls this:

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) obedience to authority
C) social facilitation
D) pluralistic ignorance

Question 59

In Milgram's original obedience study, _____ out of 40 participants went all the way to 450 volts.

A) 16
B) 36
C) 26
D) 56

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a concept by which Latané and Darley would explain the lack of intervention in emergency situations?

A) reduction of attention
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) pluralistic ignorance
D) uncaring attitude