Deck 6: Incentive Motivation

Question 1

The fractional anticipatory goal response mechanism:

A) is currently thought to involve peripheral responses
B) relies on classical conditioning and stimulus feedback for its development
C) assumes anticipatory thought processes
D) has substantial evidence for its existence

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Crespi's research on the effect of the size of reward shows that:

A) large rewards lead to faster learning
B) large rewards lead to slower learning
C) the size of the reward influenced learning, but not performance
D) the size of the reward influenced performance, but not actual learning

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The fractional anticipatory response mechanism may be relevant in explaining which of the following?

A) the cognitive aspects of behavior
B) how incentive motivation develops
C) why certain behaviors persist once they have begun
D) how goals are developed

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Amsel proposed that the partial frustration responses and their associated stimulus feedback become _____ to the responses the organism is making.

A) extinguished
B) motivationally exhausted
C) counterconditioned
D) blind

Question 5

Amsel called the concept that motivation generated by the frustration of nonreward gets channeled into the response that causes the frustration:

A) conditioning
B) counterconditioning
C) emotion
D) incentives

Question 6

Mowrer's view of incentive motivation suggests all of the following EXCEPT:

A) rewards and punishment generate motivation
B) four basic emotions are associated with incentive motivation
C) increases in drive lead to fear, while decreases in drive lead to hope
D) latent learning is often the result of incentives

Question 7

In an experiment by Amsel and Roussel (1952), rats were sometimes fed in one goal box and then allowed to run to a second goal box where they were also fed. On other trials they received nothing in the first goal box, but then were fed in the second goal box. On the latter trials the rats:

A) ran slower to the second goal box
B) refused to eat in the second goal box
C) ran faster to the second goal box
D) ran at the same speed as in the trials where they were fed at the first goal box

Question 8

According to Amsel's research, partially reinforced animals have:

A) one source of incentive motivation
B) two sources of incentive motivation
C) three sources of incentive motivation
D) four sources of incentive motivation

Question 9

Mowrer suggests that _____ stimuli generate _____ that in turn lead to approach or withdrawal behavior in the situation.

A) affective; perceptions
B) perceptual; affective impulses
C) informational; emotions
D) emotional; motivational impulses

Question 10

In Crespi's (1942) study, rats that suddenly received smaller rewards for running slowed down, and rats that suddenly received larger rewards ran faster. These results show that:

A) Hull's concept of drive is true
B) incentives influence learning
C) incentives influence performance
D) incentives are the same as motivation

Question 11

A rat is reinforced for some of its lever pressing behaviors, but not of others. We could say that it is on a _____ reinforcement schedule.

A) partial
B) lower level
C) unfulfilled
D) variable

Question 12

According to Amsel's theory, what occurs if an individual is unrewarded for a response for which it was previously rewarded?

A) an unlearned frustration response
B) a learned frustration response
C) an unlearned aggressive response
D) learned helplessness

Question 13

Motivation theorists have taken the position that incentive motivation may be a mediator (M) between a goal object and the responses that are directed toward that goal object. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which the properties of M have been studied?

A) energizing properties of M
B) emotional properties of M
C) information properties of M
D) transformational properties of M

Question 14

Every time Johnny's dog brings the ball back to him, she gets a reward. The dog is on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule.

A) intermittent
B) partial
C) competing
D) continuous

Question 15

An incentive usually describes some _____ that motivates us.

A) goal object
B) pleasurable event
C) innate urge
D) learned reaction to a stimulus

Question 16

On a _____ reinforcement schedule the individual is reinforced for every response; but on a _____ reinforcement schedule, the animal is only reinforced for only some responses.

A) partial; continuous
B) variable; same
C) continuous; partial
D) same; variable

Question 17

Incentive motivation may be thought of as a _____ between the stimulus characteristics of some goal object and the responses that are directed toward that object.

A) bridge
B) mediator
C) midway point
D) instinctive urge

Question 18

Incentives:

A) motivate behavior
B) are instinctive
C) can be thoughts
D) are only relevant for adults

Question 19

According to Mowrer's theory of incentives, the emotion of _____ is associated with any increase in drive, while the emotion of _____ is associated with any decrease in drive.

A) hope, fear
B) fear, hope
C) relief, disappointment
D) disappointment, relief

Question 20

Which of the following are the four primary emotions generated by incentives as described by Mowrer?

A) fear, hope, love, despair
B) disappointment, despair, fear, relief
C) fear, hope, relief, disappointment
D) anger, frustration, love, hope

Question 21

In Klinger's model of disengagement, the _____ phase follows the phase of aggression.

A) depression
B) hope
C) acceptance
D) fear

Question 22

Bindra proposed a model of behavior that emphasized the production of the _____ that activates goal-directed behaviors toward incentive objects.

A) central motive state
B) emotional motivation
C) energized field
D) self-induced motivational conditioning

Question 23

For incentives, _____ incentives generate approach behavior, and _____ incentives generate withdrawal behavior.

A) motivation; punishment
B) positive; negative
C) weak; strong
D) positive; negative

Question 24

Studies of latent learning conclude that:

A) drive reduction is necessary for learning to occur
B) reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur
C) incentives are necessary for learning that has occurred to become apparent
D) incentives are necessary for learning to occur

Question 25

According to Bolles and Moot, _____ motivate ongoing behavior and reinforce completed responses.

A) perceptual indications
B) predictive cues
C) emotions
D) incentives

Question 26

Tolman viewed behavior as:

A) purposive
B) having emotional contexts
C) endproduct of reductionism
D) mechanistic

Question 27

Pheromones are:

A) chemical signals
B) a type of sexual neurotransmitter
C) scents that are produced by males only
D) received by females only

Question 28

In Klinger's theory, mourning can be viewed as:

A) the result of a lost incentive
B) the result of expectancies
C) the result of hopelessness
D) the result of learned helplessness

Question 29

The finding that learning that is not acted on until motivation is present is what Tolman termed:

A) latent learning
B) motivated learning
C) emotional-motivation connection
D) hidden learning

Question 30

Which of the following did Tolman stress in his theory of incentive motivation?

A) a holistic point of view
B) a reductionism viewpoint
C) behaviorism in overt situations
D) emotions

Question 31

An individual that has had several experiences with a goal can be said to have developed a _____ about the goal, according to Tolman.

A) frustration response
B) conditioned emotional response
C) cognitive expectation
D) dependency

Question 32

If a person whose goal was to win a science prize instead was the first runner-up and the person decided to work even harder to win the prize the next year, he or she might be in which of Klinger's phases of disengagement?

A) recovery
B) depression
C) invigoration
D) aggression

Question 33

Secondary reinforcers are:

A) ineffective at motivating behavior
B) innate motivators
C) stimuli that are not as important as primary reinforcers
D) stimuli consistently associated with reinforcement

Question 34

According to Tolman, which of the following is NOT true about latent learning?

A) reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur
B) learning may take place in the absence of reinforcement
C) performance, not learning, is influenced by reinforcement
D) learning may not be apparent at the time it occurs

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of Klinger's disengagement phases?

A) intimacy
B) primitization
C) aggression
D) depression

Question 36

According to Mowrer's theory, incentives generate _____, while according to Tolman's theory, incentives provide _____.

A) emotions; information
B) emotions, conditioning
C) information; emotions
D) rewards; reinforcement

Question 37

In Klinger's model of human motivation, _____ provide meaning to one's life.

A) drives
B) incentives
C) strivings
D) expectancies

Question 38

Klinger views a goal that a person is willing to expend effort in order to obtain as:

A) a current concern
B) an incentive
C) work
D) a drive

Question 39

Bindra's model of motivation includes both _____ and _____ as components of a central motive state.

A) drives; cognitive maps
B) habits; drives
C) drives; incentives
D) cognitions; expectancies

Question 40

The theories of Hull, Spence and Mowrer can be seen as _____ models, while Tolman's theory can be seen as a more _____ model.

A) reductionist; mechanical
B) mechanical; rationalist
C) reductionist; holistic
D) cognitive; mechanical

Question 41

The one physical trait of males that seems to be innately attractive to women is:

A) large eyes
B) white teeth
C) height
D) muscular back

Question 42

The human sexual signaling system seems to consist of _____ at a distance and _____ close up.

A) visual stimuli; touch
B) auditory stimuli; olfactory stimuli
C) pheromones; visual stimuli
D) touch; smell

Question 43

Martha McClintock (1971) found that pheromones caused women living together to:

A) synchronize menstrual cycles
B) become close friends
C) become more aggressive
D) eliminate menstrual cycles

Question 44

The Coolidge effect illustrates which characteristic of sexual attractiveness?

A) novelty
B) skills
C) appearance
D) youth

Question 45

The _____ receives pheromone information and sends it to the accessory olfactory bulb to affect sexual behaviors.

A) olfactory epithelium
B) pheromone cortex
C) primary olfactory stem
D) vomeronasal

Question 46

Although several neurotransmitters may be involved, one that is often mentioned for its role in addiction due to its role in producing "reward" in the brain is:

A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) GABA

Question 47

The idea that women are innately attracted to high-status males is known as the:

A) Coolidge effect
B) Bruce effect
C) selection rule
D) rule of money

Question 48

A primary factor in sexual attractiveness is:

A) physical attractiveness
B) social status of each person
C) intellectual ability
D) emotionality

Question 49

According to Symons (1979), all of the following characteristics of females contribute to their sexual attractiveness to males EXCEPT:

A) youth
B) social status
C) novelty
D) health

Question 50

Robinson and Berridge (2001) report that addiction can be understood as being generated by:

A) pleasure produced by the drug
B) pain caused by withdrawal from the drug
C) craving for the drug
D) opportunity to use the drug