Deck 4: Physiological Mechanisms of Regulation

Question 1

The set-point theory of long-term regulation of body weight is:

A) a glucostatic theory
B) a lipostatic theory
C) an internal theory
D) an external theory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The finding that an individual exposed to an unchanging diet will eat less than if an individual had access to a varied diet is called:

A) variability hypothesis
B) sensory specific satiety
C) sameness sensory theory
D) dietary need for change

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A specific brain structure known to be involved in regulating such behaviors as feeding, drinking, sexual behavior, fear, and aggressiveness is the:

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) pituitary gland
D) hypothalamus

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Stretch receptors, which signal motivation to turn off hunger, have been located in the:

A) hypothalamus
B) liver
C) duodenum
D) stomach

Question 5

A homeostatic mechanism that controls when we eat and how much we eat is called:

A) long-term regulation
B) generativity regulation
C) sensitivity selection
D) short-term regulation

Question 6

Questions concerning why we ingest food or water may involve studying all of these EXCEPT:

A) homeostatic mechanisms
B) memory processes
C) stimulus qualities of food
D) the cerebellum

Question 7

Three components of food are:

A) carbohydrates, fats, proteins
B) carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins
C) triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose
D) amino acids, lipids, glucose

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true about the assumptions of the glucostatic theory of hunger?

A) receptors in the hypothalamus are sensitive to changes in levels of blood glucose
B) decreases in blood sugar detected by receptors in the LH trigger eating
C) increases in blood sugar detected by receptors in the VMH inhibit eating
D) the LH has sole control over hunger and eating

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a taste receptor on the tongue?

A) sweet
B) sour
C) vegetable
D) umami

Question 10

The _____ model assumes that regulatory mechanisms exist within the body that sample the internal environment and when the body moves away from optimum generates motivation to return to a balanced state.

A) balanced
B) homeostatic
C) central
D) localized

Question 11

In animals, research has shown that lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus:

A) help the animal maintain optimal weight
B) produce hyperphagia
C) cause the animal to become anorexic
D) produce adipsia

Question 12

Research has shown that the hormone _____ acts as an appetite stimulant whereas the hormone _____ acts as an appetite suppressant.

A) ghrelin; obestatin
B) CCK; ghrelin
C) obestatin; ghrelin
D) CCK; GLP-1

Question 13

Which of the following statements about short-term regulation of feeding is NOT correct? Short term regulation of feeding:

A) is probably controlled by a glucose-sensitive system
B) is probably accomplished by receptors in the duodenum and/or liver
C) may be influenced by a feedback system between the liver and the hypothalamus
D) is influenced by the level of CCK in the blood

Question 14

The observation that an animal or person exposed to an unchanging diet will eat less than if they had access to a variety of foods has been called the:

A) Ziegarnik effect
B) Law of effect
C) Yerkes-Dodson Law
D) sensory specific satiety

Question 15

Research shows that the hormone _____, which is secreted by the upper intestine in response to food, signals the brain to stop eating.

A) CCK
B) insulin
C) amylin
D) 2-deoxyglucose

Question 16

A _____ theory of motivation assumes that signals that control motives such as hunger are produced in the peripheral body organs.

A) central
B) controllable
C) local
D) hypothalamic

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true of the local theory of motivation?

A) it assumes that signals controlling hunger and thirst are produced by the brain
B) it was based on Cannon and Washburn's experiments with swallowed balloons
C) it assumes signals controlling hunger are produced in the peripheral organs of the body
D) it has been shown to be inadequate to explain hunger and thirst

Question 18

The hormone CCK is:

A) found in greater than normal amounts in genetically obese rats
B) missing entirely in genetically obese rats
C) about one-quarter the amount of normal in genetically obese rats
D) the chief neurotransmitter in the pancreas

Question 19

Animals with lesions to the lateral hypothalamus show:

A) hyperphagia
B) aphagia
C) dyskinesia
D) aphasia

Question 20

Relative to the glucostatic theory of hunger all of the following are true about research EXCEPT that research has:

A) shown that a dual system of excitatory and inhibitory centers controls eating behavior
B) failed to uphold the idea of a dual system of excitatory and inhibitory centers
C) shown that lesions to the LH result in other behavior deficits
D) shown that the LH and VMH are involved to some extent in regulating hunger motivation

Question 21

Among the theories of bulimia, which emphasizes that idea that bulimia develops as a result of unrealistic social norms for body shape and appearance?

A) sociocultural theory
B) clinical/psychiatric theory
C) epidemiological/risk factors theory
D) physiological factors theory

Question 22

A primary difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia is that anorexia patients:

A) refuse to eat while bulimia patients eat enormous amounts of food in short periods of time
B) are overly concerned with food while bulimia patients do not show any concern for food
C) cannot control their eating while bulimia patients carefully control their food intake
D) have a significantly higher IQ compared to bulimia patients

Question 23

Explanations for anorexia nervosa have changed from time to time. Today the best explanation seems to be:

A) anorexia is purely physiological
B) anorexia is purely psychological
C) both physiological and psychological mechanisms are involved
D) anorexia cannot be explained

Question 24

A person who has problems with body image, sex role confusion, heavy life stressors and emotional instability could be at risk for developing bulimia as predicted by which theory?

A) sociocultural theory
B) clinical/psychiatric theory
C) epidemiological/risk factors theory
D) physiological factors approach

Question 25

Research by Keesey and others has shown that after lesions to the LH, animals:

A) are unable to eat or drink
B) regulate their eating to maintain a lower body set-point
C) eat more to make up for previous lack of eating
D) gain weight to match their new set-point

Question 26

Abnormal levels of the neurotransmitter _____ have been associated with anorexia nervosa.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) CCK

Question 27

A hormone produced by fat cells and released into the bloodstream in direct proportion to the amount of energy available in the fat stores is:

A) ghrelin
B) leptin
C) CCK
D) obestatin

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the diagnostic criteria for bulimia?

A) recurrent episodes of binge eating
B) feeling of lack of control over eating behaviors
C) regular use of laxatives or self-induced vomiting to prevent weight-gain
D) losing at least 15% of body weight

Question 29

Long-term regulation of eating behavior most likely:

A) is impossible to understand based on current research
B) involves a system capable of detecting changes in the body's fat stores
C) involves a system that detects blood glucose levels
D) depends on stretch receptors in the stomach

Question 30

According to Goldbloom and Garfinkel (1990), bulimia may be the result of:

A) increased levels of serotonin in the brain
B) underactivity of serotonin in the brain
C) social learning
D) genetic predisposition

Question 31

Which of the following is the MOST likely factor contributing to increase in body fat as we age?

A) overeating as a child
B) being female
C) increase in stress
D) reduction in basal metabolism

Question 32

The energy a person consumes every day just to maintain bodily functions at rest is called:

A) basal metabolism
B) aerobic metabolism
C) basic energy metabolism
D) anaerobic metabolism

Question 33

Three examples of failure of homeostatic regulation of food intake are:

A) aphasia, hyperphagia, dyskinesia
B) anorexia nervosa, bulimia, obesity
C) anorexia nervosa, hyperphagia, major affective disorder
D) dyskinesia, dysphoria, anorexia nervosa

Question 34

Studies of the relationship of anorexia nervosa and bulimia to major affective disorder have suggested that:

A) depression can cause anorexia or bulimia
B) changed eating patterns are a variant of major affective disorder
C) eating disorders are not correlated with major affective disorder
D) major affective disorders develops after the onset of the eating disorder

Question 35

Hyperinsulinemia contributes to obesity by:

A) increasing the amount of energy stored as fat
B) decreasing hunger
C) inducing binge and purge cycles
D) increasing metabolism rate

Question 36

Which of the following factors does NOT help promote obesity, according to Rodin (1981)?

A) dieting
B) having higher than normal insulin levels
C) being sedentary rather than active
D) maintaining a lean body mass

Question 37

All of the following are symptoms of anorexia nervosa except:

A) loss of at least 15% of body weight due to restriction of food intake
B) amenorrhea
C) chronic bingeing and purging
D) intense fear of gaining weight

Question 38

Among bulimic women, which of the following is NOT true? They tend to:

A) report more negative affective states than normal women
B) have difficulty handing emotions
C) be dependent on drugs such as alcohol or cocaine
D) come from lower socioeconomic conditions

Question 39

Mary has bulimia. Which of the following is MOST likely a precipitating factor in her binge eating?

A) loss of object
B) difficulty handling emotions
C) conflict with boss
D) lack of confidence

Question 40

Which of the following are physiological changes that occur during anorexia nervosa?

A) dangerous drop in blood pressure and breathing rate
B) atrophy of brain tissues and enlargement of fluid-filled spaces in the brain
C) increase in heart rate and breathing
D) impairment of various endocrine system functions

Question 41

The _____ of the anterior hypothalamus is important in sexual behavior of both males and females.

A) ventromedial
B) lateral area
C) medial preoptic area
D) serotonin area

Question 42

When food is eaten _____ is released by stomach cells leading ultimately to an increase in drinking.

A) leptin
B) histamine
C) obestatin
D) sodium

Question 43

Aggression that is learned and then maintained through reinforcement is called:

A) inter-male aggression
B) territorial defense
C) instrumental aggression
D) irritable aggression

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a type of aggression according to Moyer (1971)?

A) playful
B) predatory
C) territorial
D) irritable

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a male gender specific sexual behavior?

A) intromission
B) thrusting
C) attractivity
D) ejaculation

Question 46

The hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, and amygdala are part of the:

A) cerebral cortex
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) limbic system
D) emotional system

Question 47

ADH is released by the _____ and causes _____.

A) kidney, water retention
B) kidney, diabetes insipidus
C) pituitary, water reabsorption
D) hypothalamus, water retention

Question 48

The brain structure that monitors angiotensin levels and stimulates thirst is the:

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) subfornical organ

Question 49

Blood loss, diarrhea and vomiting can all lead to _____.

A) loss of extracellular fluid or hypovolemia
B) loss of cellular fluid and diabetes insipidus
C) loss of cellular fluid and thirst
D) stimulation of the hypothalamus

Question 50

Volumetric thirst is associated with _____ while osmometric thirst is associated with _____.

A) homeostatic drinking; nonhomeostatic drinking
B) beer drinking; sweating
C) fluid loss from cells; fluid loss from extracellular spaces
D) fluid loss from extracellular spaces; fluid loss from cells