Deck 3: When the Policy Becomes the Problem

Question 1

_______________ is simply a term that involves improvements of the community structure and landscape to deter the likelihood of criminal offending in that given area.

A) Teen courts
B) Reintegrative shaming
C) Labeling
D) Environmental crime prevention

Answer 1

D

Question 2

_______________ theory holds that when individuals are labeled as criminals they will become stabilized in those roles, developing criminal identities that separate them from the mainstream population and exclude them from conventional roles.

A) Teen courts
B) Reintegrative shaming
C) Labeling
D) Environmental crime prevention

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Restorative justice considers the victims, communities, and offenders (in that order) as participants in the justice process.These participants are placed in active roles to work together to do the following:

A) Empower victims in their search for closure
B) Impress upon offenders the real human impact of their behavior
C) Promote restitution to victims and communities
D) All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The primary goal of _______________ is to hold young offenders accountable for their behavior while requiring reparation for the harm inflicted against the victim and the community. The basic theory behind the use of young people in court is that youths will respond better to prosocial peers than to adult authority figures.

A) teen courts
B) reintegrative shaming
C) labeling
D) environmental crime prevention

Question 5

The notion behind the premise of _______________ is that stigmatizing an offender is counterproductive to the reintegration process.The more stigmatizing the offense, the more likely the offender is to reoffend.

A) teen courts
B) reintegrative shaming
C) labeling
D) environmental crime prevention

Question 6

_______________ is an approach to law enforcement that uses problem-solving strategies that involve community participants in the process.Community meetings, advisory boards, and other committee-based forms of civilian input are sought by both the police and the community supervision agency.This approach seeks to encourage a sense of community involvement in an effort to build a rapport with the community.

A) Target-hardening
B) Community policing
C) Restorative circles
D) Victim-offender mediation

Question 7

The goal(s) of offender mediation include(s) the following:

A) Supporting the healing process of victims by providing a safe, controlled setting for them to meet and speak with offenders on a strictly voluntary basis.
B) Allowing offenders to learn about the impact of their crimes on the victims and take direct responsibility for their behavior.
C) Providing an opportunity for the victim and offender to develop a mutually acceptable plan that addresses the harm caused by the crime.
D) All of the above

Question 8

_______________ refers to a sense of cohesion within a given community whereby citizens have close and interlocking relationships with one another.These relationships tend to cement the community together-psychologically, sociologically, and perhaps even spiritually.

A) Restorative justice
B) Broken windows thesis
C) Community justice
D) Collective efficacy

Question 9

_______________ techniques can be utilized to enhance the security of a given area, such as adding more effective street and business lighting, ensuring that business/domicile entry points are visible from other locations, ensuring effective placement of landscaping, parking, and/or fencing, etc.

A) Target-hardening
B) Community policing
C) Restorative circles
D) Victim-offender mediation

Question 10

_______________ is a process by which offenders are held partially or fully accountable for the financial losses suffered by the victims of their crimes.It is typically ordered for property crimes or crimes where something of value was stolen or procured, such as with fraud, forgery, or theft.These types of payments may also be used to reimburse victims of violent crime for expenses related to their physical and mental health recovery.

A) Community service
B) Monetary restitution
C) Direct service to victims
D) Family group conferences

Question 11

_______________ is a type of reconciliation in which the offender and the victim meet in a supervised setting to determine how the offender can make restitution directly to the victim through the performance of some type of service.

A) Community service
B) Monetary restitution
C) Direct service to victims
D) Family group conferences

Question 12

_______________ calls for the improvement and upkeep of communities that are not well kept and/or maintained.Such communities convey a sense of chaos and disorganization, and this opens the door to problematic populations that thrive in such conditions.This thesis contends that neighborhood citizens can reduce crime, including recidivism, by improving the physical and structural elements of their community.

A) Restorative justice
B) Broken windows thesis
C) Community justice
D) Collective efficacy

Question 13

_______________ is, in a general sense, a philosophy on justice that is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the traditional tasks of the criminal justice system-apprehension, conviction, and punishment.These approaches seek to improve the quality of life in a given community, and this is especially the case for communities that have been hard-hit by crime.

A) Restorative justice
B) Broken windows thesis
C) Community justice
D) Collective efficacy

Question 14

According to your textbook authors, Hanser has provided (a) specific recommendation(s) that is/are expected to improve public safety, offender reintegration, and the plight of the victim.His recommendation(s) is/are as follows:

A) Concerns for the victim(s) must remain paramount
B) The public must be educated on restorative justice and offender reentry
C) High-risk offenders will need to be appropriately identified and supervised
D) All of the above

Question 15

_______________ is work performed by an offender for the benefit of the community as a component of the offender's sentence.It is one means by which the offender is held accountable and required to provide amends for the harm caused by his or her criminal conduct.

A) Community service
B) Monetary restitution
C) Direct service to victims
D) Family group conferences

Question 16

Restorative justice approaches to offender sanctioning seek to restore the ______________ to a similar level of functioning that existed prior to the commission of the criminal act.

A) victim
B) community
C) offender
D) All of the above

Question 17

_______________ are discussions that are facilitated and bring the victim, the victim's family, the offender, and the juvenile offender's family together to discuss the impact of a crime committed by the juvenile so that the group can decide how the juvenile is to be held accountable.

A) Community service
B) Monetary restitution
C) Direct service to victims
D) Family group conferences

Question 18

_______________ seeks to restore the victim and the community to its state of functioning prior to the criminal act, often involving numerous persons in the community in the reintegration of offenders and holding them accountable for their behavior.By bringing together victims, offenders, families, and other key stakeholders in a variety of settings, restorative justice helps offenders understand the implications of their actions and provides an opportunity for them to become reconnected to the community.

A) Restorative justice
B) Broken windows thesis
C) Community justice
D) Collective efficacy

Question 19

_______________ are solution-based by nature focusing on the offender rather than the victim that are typically administered by a therapist.

A) Target-hardening
B) Community policing
C) Restorative circles
D) Victim-offender mediation

Question 20

Borrowing from restorative justice ideology, both the victim and the offender play a crucial role in determining the outcome with _______________-that is, a sentence.A trained mediator serves as the official facilitator of the encounter.

A) Target-hardening
B) Community policing
C) Restorative circles
D) Victim-offender mediation

Question 21

According to Martha Henderson Hurley, the sheer size of the victim population in the United States requires some recognition of the role of victims.In 2005, U.S.residents age 12 and older were the victims of more than _______________ crimes, with at least 5.2 million of those offenses being violent in nature.

A) 3,000
B) 230,000
C) 3 million
D) 23 million

Question 22

According to Martha Henderson Hurley, while definitions of restorative justice vary, certain common themes are associated with restorative practices:

A) Restorative justice is a philosophy that emphasizes the need to repair the harm caused by crime.Reparation is not something that can only be done by punishing the offender.True reparation requires the participation of all stakeholders (victims, offenders, the community, and criminal justice officials) in the development of plans to repair the harms caused by criminality.
B) Restorative practices are predicated upon the idea that offenders must be held accountable for their actions. Thus, consequences must be applied when offenders fail to follow through with restorative activities.
C) When all stakeholders participate in the process, healing occurs, the potential for future harm is reduced, and offenders can be restored back into society.
D) All of the above

Question 23

According to Latimer, Dowden, and Muise, their research results indicated that _______________.

A) victims who participated in restorative justice programs were more satisfied with the process than those having their cases processed through the traditional court system
B) offenders also appeared to be more satisfied than their counterparts
C) All of the above
D) None of the above

Question 24

According to Latimer, Dowden, and Muise, the fundamental premise of the restorative justice paradigm is that _______________.The most appropriate response to criminal behavior, therefore, is to repair the harm caused by the wrongful act.

A) crime is a violation of people
B) crime is a violation of relationships
C) crime is a violation of the law
D) All of the above

Question 25

According to Martha Henderson Hurley, victim wraparound programs are designed to extend the level of acknowledgment and responsibility of the offenders.Results of her study reveal that these programs are most effective with offenders serving long terms of incarceration. One explanation for this finding is that these offenders potentially have _______________, making the transition back into their community more difficult.

A) desensitized the crime
B) removed themselves from the offense
C) lost many contacts from their previous life
D) All of the above