Deck 9: Offender Coercion in Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of Effectiveness

Question 1

According to your textbook author, there is/are (a) basic service(s) that tend(s) to be provided by a parole agency:

A) parole release
B) parole supervision
C) executive clemency
D) All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sir Walter Crofton created what was referred to as the _______________; basically a permit that was given to a convict in exchange for a certain period of good conduct.Through this process, the convict could instead earn his own wage through his own labor prior to the expiration of his actual sentence.In addition, other liberties were provided so long as the convict's behavior remained within the lawful limits set by this system.

A) ticket-of-leave
B) banishment
C) mark system
D) chain gang

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to your textbook authors, among the parolee population, roughly 1 out of __________ are female offenders.

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

Answer 3

C

Question 4

_______________ use a great degree of both control and assistance techniques.They protect both the offender and the community by providing the offender with assistance, as well as praising and blaming.This type of officer can seem sporadic at times.These officers are ambivalent to the concerns of the offender or the community; this is just a job that they do.

A) Paternal officers
B) Punitive officers
C) Welfare workers
D) Passive agents

Question 5

The _______________ refers to where a parole board is responsible for determining release determinations from prison as well as overseeing the supervision processes of offenders who are released on parole (or good time).This type of administration is independent of any other state agency and reports directly and only to the governor of the state.

A) crime control model of corrections
B) independent parole administration model
C) consolidated parole administration model
D) None of the above

Question 6

During the 1600s and 1700s, England implemented a form of punishment known as (the)_______________ on a widespread scale.During this time, criminals were sent to the American colonies under reprieve and through stays of execution.Thus, the convicts had their lives spared, but this form of mercy was generally only implemented to solve a labor shortage that existed within the American colonies.

A) ticket-of-leave
B) banishment
C) mark system
D) chain gang

Question 7

Alexander Maconochie created a _______________ in which "marks" would be provided to the convict for each day of successful toil.

A) ticket-of-leave
B) banishment
C) mark system
D) chain gang

Question 8

_______________ requires parolees to routinely report to their parole officer through personal contact, via mail, or by telephone.

A) Active supervision
B) Inactive supervision
C) Intensive supervision
D) In-house supervision

Question 9

One of the key (negative) concerns with granting parole is the probability of ______________.

A) reintegration
B) recidivism
C) deterrence
D) rehabilitation

Question 10

A(n) _______________came about during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980sand crime became a hotly debated topic that often became intertwined with political agendas and legislative action.The sour view of rehabilitationled many states to abolish the use of parole.Indeed, from 1976 onward, 15 states and the federal government abolished the use of parole.

A) crime control model of corrections
B) independent parole administration model
C) consolidated parole administration model
D) None of the above

Question 11

_______________ tend to view their jobs as just that-jobs.They will tend to do as little as possible, and they do not have passion for their jobs.Unlike the punitive officer and the welfare worker, they simply do not care about the outcome of their work so long as they avoid any difficulties.These individuals are often in the job simply due to the benefits that it may have as well as the freedom from continual supervision that this type of job affords.

A) Paternal officers
B) Punitive officers
C) Welfare workers
D) Passive agents

Question 12

Parolees undergoing _______________ are still carried on the caseload, but they are not required to report to their parole officers.

A) Active supervision
B) Inactive supervision
C) Intensive supervision
D) In-house supervision

Question 13

_______________ view the offender more as a client rather than a supervisee on their caseload. These individuals believe that ultimately the best way they can enhance the security and safety of the community is by reforming the offender so that further crime will not occur.These officers will attempt to
Achieve objectivity that is similar to a therapist and will thus avoid judging the client.These officers will be most inclined to consider the needs of their offender-clients and their potential capacity for change.

A) Paternal officers
B) Punitive officers
C) Welfare workers
D) Passive agents

Question 14

The term _______________ refers to the early release of an offender from a secure facility upon completion of a certain portion of his or her sentence.

A) organizational culture
B) parole
C) residential treatment
D) incarceration

Question 15

_______________ consists of fixed periods of incarceration imposed on the offender with no later flexibility in the term that is served.This type of sentencing is grounded in notions of retribution, just deserts, and incapacitation.

A) Indeterminate sentencing
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Truth-in-sentencing
D) None of the above

Question 16

According to your textbook authors, parole officers:

A) assumes responsibility for the proper maintenance of the offenders assigned to their caseload and is expected to ensure that offenders
Comply with the rules and regulations of their parole requirements
B) frequently make regular and special home visits to the offender's domicile
C) maintain an open line of communication with the law enforcement community in the area
D) All of the above

Question 17

_______________ see themselves as needing to use threats and punishment in order to get compliance from the offender.These officers may also view the offender as a "lower class" of individual and are likely to see punitive methods of control as the only type of mechanism that the offender population will or can understand.They will likely have a morally judgmental view of their caseload.These officers will place the highest emphasis on control and protection of the public against offenders, and they will also be suspicious of offenders on their caseload.

A) Paternal officers
B) Punitive officers
C) Welfare workers
D) Passive agents

Question 18

_______________ is sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender.The offender is released during some point in the range of years that are assigned by the sentencing judge.Both the minimum and maximum times can be modified by a number of factors such as offender behavior and offender work ethic.

A) Indeterminate sentencing
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Truth-in-sentencing
D) None of the above

Question 19

The term _______________ refers to the personality of an organization.Just as an individual's personality tends to consist of behavioral tendencies, this defines and reinforces behaviors that are acceptable and fails to reinforce (or even perhaps punish) those that are not acceptable.Essentially, it defines how tasks are approached in a particular agency.

A) organizational culture
B) parole
C) residential treatment
D) incarceration

Question 20

The _______________ is where the parole board is merely a semiautonomous
Agency that is connected to (and perhaps subservient to) a larger agency or governmental body.This larger organization will typically oversee the entire spectrum of correctional services, particularly the prison system.Supervision of persons on parole under this model is under the leadership and authority of that state's chief correctional executive officer (i.e., the commissioner or the director of corrections) with the parole board having no authority to direct post-incarcerative supervision.

A) crime control model of corrections
B) independent parole administration model
C) consolidated parole administration model
D) None of the above

Question 21

According to your textbook authors, Braithwaite holds that shaming is necessary for social control and the offender.However, the important issue is what follows shaming: reintegration or stigmatization._______________ is essential because shamed individuals are considered to be at a turning point in their lives.It is at this point where the offender can become reacquainted with society or find themselves further entrenched in the criminal subculture.It is when quality social relations exist that they provide the means through which offenders are given the forgiveness and support needed to become a member of the community.

A) reintegration
B) recidivism
C) deterrence
D) rehabilitation

Question 22

According to Schlager and Robbins, until recently, little was written about the phenomenon known as offender reentry. Practitioners and scholars are just beginning to understand and recognize the nature and complex
Array of issues that affect _______________.

A) the offender
B) the offenders' families
C) the offenders' community to which s/he returns
D) All of the above

Question 23

According to Steen and Opsal, the difference in likelihood of revocation for a
New offense between property and public order offenders is _______________ for Blacks than Whites.

A) larger
B) smaller
C) no different
D) None of the above

Question 24

According to Steen and Opsal, in regard to gender, the negative effect of being
Female on the likelihood of revocation is _______________ for Blacks than Whites.

A) larger
B) smaller
C) no different
D) None of the above

Question 25

Steen and Opsal's research interest lies in the role of race in the parole revocation decision-making process.They cite voluminous literature exploring the impact of race on _______________ decisions that they draw from to develop predictions about how race will affect decisions about parole revocations.

A) arrest
B) charging
C) sentencing
D) All of the above