Deck 15: Innate Immunity

Question 1

Which of the following are chemotactic factors for phagocytes?

A) peptides from complement
B) chemokines
C) interferons
D) interferons and chemokines
E) chemokines and peptides from complement

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

A) the lack of suitable environment in the body.
B) the absence of receptors required for microbial attachment.
C) the presence of phagocytes in the tissues.
D) the salty, acidic condition of normal skin.
E) both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the signs of inflammation?

A) redness (rubor)
B) heat (calor)
C) swelling (tumor)
D) pain (dolor)
E) odor

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's nonspecific lines of defense against disease?

A) antibodies
B) mucous membranes
C) intact skin
D) bloodborne chemicals
E) phagocytic cells

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct pairing of activator and leukocyte?

A) C3b - natural killer lymphocyte
B) lectin - neutrophil
C) gamma interferon - eosinophil
D) alpha interferon - natural killer lymphocyte
E) NOD protein - neutrophil

Question 6

Which of the following statements about natural killer lymphocytes is FALSE?

A) They accomplish extracellular killing.
B) They secrete toxins onto virally infected cells.
C) They are involved in the removal of neoplastic cells.
D) They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.
E) They identify and spare normal cells.

Question 7

Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis?

A) neutrophils
B) natural killer lymphocytes
C) microglia
D) dendritic cells
E) wandering macrophages

Question 8

Microbial antagonism refers to

A) the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions.
B) the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body.
C) the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions.
D) the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens.
E) the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface.

Question 9

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

A) the mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes.
B) the mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals and molecules.
C) both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently.
D) the mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals.
E) the mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

Question 10

Which of the following statements concerning the alternative complement system is true?

A) It is more efficient than the classical pathway.
B) It works best on Gram-positive bacteria.
C) Its activation is independent of antibodies.
D) It is not useful in the early stages of fungal infection.
E) It plays a very significant role in the elimination of parasitic helminths.

Question 11

Which of the following cells can use nonphagocytic means to kill bacteria?

A) eosinophils
B) macrophages
C) neutrophils
D) natural killer cells
E) eosinophils and neutrophils

Question 12

The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to

A) attraction of phagocytes to sites of infection.
B) triggering inflammation.
C) triggering release of interferons.
D) triggering inflammation and release of interferons.
E) triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

Question 13

Chemotaxis is the

A) movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
B) transport of substances across the cytoplasmic membrane.
C) squeezing of cells between the cells lining capillaries in order to attack invading microbes.
D) attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to complementary proteins.
E) extension of pseudopodia to surround a microbe.

Question 14

Which of the following leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that stain blue with methylene blue?

A) eosinophils
B) monocytes
C) lymphocytes
D) neutrophils
E) basophils

Question 15

MACs are

A) the initial trigger for the classical complement system.
B) the initial trigger for the alternative complement system.
C) the initial trigger for the lectin complement system.
D) the end result of both the classical and alternative complement systems.
E) the end result of only the alternative complement system.

Question 16

Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection?

A) basophils
B) macrophages
C) neutrophils
D) eosinophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is FALSE?

A) It has sebum as a coating.
B) It has normal microbiota.
C) It has goblet cells.
D) It is salty.
E) It is acidic.

Question 18

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) alveolar macrophage - lungs
B) microglial cells - brain
C) microglial cells - spleen
D) dendritic cells - epidermis
E) macrophages - lymph nodes

Question 19

Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?

A) the formation of MACs
B) the range of microbes that can be targeted
C) triggering inflammation
D) production of chemotactic factors
E) the effectiveness in killing Gram-negative bacteria

Question 20

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

A) tears contain lysozyme and salt.
B) a mucus layer traps and removes microbes.
C) tears mechanically flush particles from the eyes.
D) tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes.
E) tears and mucus combine to trap microbes and remove them.

Question 21

Which of the following cells does NOT have the ability to release histamine?

A) mast cells
B) basophils
C) platelets
D) damaged body cells
E) macrophages

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT involved in phagocytosis?

A) activation
B) chemotaxis
C) adherence
D) ingestion
E) killing

Question 23

Which of the following is(are) activities of neutrophils?

A) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps
B) phagocytosis
C) enzyme production that leads to the formation of nitric oxide
D) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and phagocytosis.
E) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide.

Question 24

Which of the following substances is responsible for the edema associated with inflammation?

A) leukotrienes
B) histamine
C) interferon
D) defensin
E) both leukotrienes and histamine

Question 25

The residual body is

A) the remains of a phagosome after digestion.
B) the union of a phagosome with lysosomes.
C) a dead phagocyte.
D) the attachment of a phagosome to the surface of a pathogen.
E) a type of granule in a granulocyte.

Question 26

Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes?

A) they are both constantly shedding and replacing cells.
B) they both have cilia.
C) the outer layers are composed of dead cells.
D) sebum may be present.
E) lysozymes are always present.

Question 27

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

A) the squeezing of cells through the lining of capillaries.
B) the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
C) the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
D) the coating of a pathogen by complement.
E) an increase in allergies and helminth infection.

Question 28

Diapedesis is the process in which

A) phagocyte receptors detect PAMPs.
B) leukocytes increase during allergies and helminth infection.
C) a cell moves toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
D) monocytes stick to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection.
E) cells squeeze through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes.

Question 29

Alpha and beta interferons

A) help protect virus-infected cells from the effects of the pathogen.
B) protect the cells that secrete them from being invaded by a virus.
C) are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages.
D) produce active antiviral proteins (AVPs) that coat the surface of healthy cells and prevent the attachment of pathogenic viruses.
E) produce no adverse effects in the body.

Question 30

Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?

A) C1
B) C2
C) C3
D) C4
E) C5

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of eosinophils?

A) They are in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc.
B) They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement.
C) They are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
D) They increase in allergies and helminth infection.
E) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead tissue cells and dead leukocytes?

A) a boil
B) an abscess
C) a pimple
D) a pustule
E) a tumor

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true?

A) TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes.
B) TLRs on the surface of microbes trigger the accumulation of opsonins.
C) Lectins on the surface of microbes are bound by chemokine receptors.
D) NOD proteins on the surface of microbes are detected by TLRs.
E) MACs on the surface of microbes are detected by NOD proteins.

Question 34

Opsonization is

A) the coating of a pathogen by complement.
B) the sticking of monocytes to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection.
C) damage resulting in cell lysis.
D) nonspecific leukocyte secretion of toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
E) phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs.

Question 35

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?

A) monocyte
B) lymphocyte
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
E) neutrophil

Question 36

How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?

A) it acts as an antiprostaglandin.
B) it is an antitoxoid for most microbial toxins.
C) it prevents complement activation.
D) it interferes with the action of interferons.
E) it blocks the release of histamine.

Question 37

Which of the following does NOT bind iron?

A) M protein
B) lactoferrin
C) ferritin
D) transferrin
E) siderophores

Question 38

Which of the following substances stimulates the phagocytic activity of phagocytes?

A) gamma interferons
B) alpha interferons
C) beta interferons
D) antiviral proteins
E) leukotrienes

Question 39

Margination is defined as

A) the process in which nonspecific leukocytes secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
B) the process in which monocytes stick to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection.
C) intact skin, sebum, tears, etc.
D) the coating of a pathogen by complement.
E) the release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

Question 40

The M protein on the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes

A) is part of the capsule and prevents adherence of phagocytes to its surface.
B) acts as a toxin to human cells.
C) is a pyrogen that elevates the body temperature.
D) is an iron-binding protein.
E) is a chemotatic substance that attracts neutrophils.

Question 41

Some Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on the surface of host cells and recognize specific microbial molecules.

Question 42

Inflammation is an important part of the body's first line of defense, and it involves migration of phagocytes to the area.

Question 43

The oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria is __________.

Question 44

Antimicrobial peptides secreted by sweat glands are called __________.

Question 45

Interferons work against viruses.

Question 46

Sweat contains lysozyme.

Question 47

Sweat glands produce __________, which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits present in the wall.

Question 48

TLRs are

A) phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs.
B) the coating of a pathogen by complement.
C) molecules that damage cells, resulting in cell lysis.
D) present in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc.
E) nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

Question 49

Defensins are small peptides that work specifically against certain pathogens.

Question 50

Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.

Question 51

The complement cascade results in

A) the sticking of monocytes to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection.
B) the squeezing of cells through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes.
C) the release of interferons.
D) movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
E) damage resulting in cell lysis.

Question 52

First line of defense may be described as

A) the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
B) intact skin, sebum, tears, etc.
C) damage resulting in cell lysis.
D) the coating of a pathogen by complement.
E) nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

Question 53

Pyrogens affect the hypothalamus, causing elevation of the internal body temperature.

Question 54

The __________ cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus.

Question 55

The alternative pathway for complement activation is more effective than the classical pathway.

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding macrophages is correct?

A) They cause damage resulting in cell lysis.
B) They are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
C) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
D) They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement.
E) They kill cells by causing cell lysis.

Question 57

The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion.

Question 58

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Question 59

The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as __________ resistance.

Question 60

The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes

A) release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
B) increase in allergies and helminth infection.
C) respond to the coating of a pathogen by complement.
D) are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
E) are specialists in killing bacteria.

Question 61

Describe the events of the acute inflammatory response and their effect on a site of infection. Include the cells and chemicals involved.

Question 62

The process known as __________ allows neutrophils and eosinophils to squeeze between the cells lining the capillaries to attack invading microbes.

Question 63

Phagocytes release __________, which result in the production of fever.

Question 64

In the case of phagocytes, positive chemotaxis involves the use of __________ to move toward the microorganism.

Question 65

Humans have species resistance. What is meant by this?

Question 66

In a process called __________, blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.

Question 67

Neutrophils use their own __________ in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria. (Be sure to use all capitals in your answer.)

Question 68

The normal microbiota compete with pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating a situation known as microbial __________.

Question 69

What is phagocytosis? What does it involve?

Question 70

The proportion of __________, as determined by a differential white blood cell count, can serve as a sign of disease.

Question 71

Phagocytes kill a pathogen once it has been ingested, whereas eosinophils and __________ lymphocytes can accomplish extracellular killing by secreting toxins. (Be sure to use capital letters in your answer.)

Question 72

The redness and heat of acute inflammation are caused in part by the production of __________ during the formation of blood clots.

Question 73

A chemical reaction in which the product of each reaction becomes the enzyme that catalyzes the next reaction is known as a(n) __________ reaction.

Question 74

What are macrophages, and what are their functions?

Question 75

Describe at least three physical mechanisms that are part of the first line of defense.