Deck 11: Attraction and Exclusion

Question 1

What makes people most reluctant to live alone?

A) The desire for social status
B) The drive for sex
C) The fear of uncertainty
D) The need to belong

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The need to belong drives people to ___.

A) associate with others (only)
B) associate with others and commit to relationships (only)
C) associate with others, commit to relationships, and stay in relationships
D) stay in relationships (only)

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The social psychological "need to belong" seems to be strong in humans ____.

A) all of the time.
B) only among those who intend to reproduce in the future.
C) only among those who intend to reproduce in the future OR are already parents.
D) only when their lives are at risk.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Suppose that Daniel has just begun his freshman year at college. Which of his actions best exemplifies the need to belong?

A) He buys the same kind of backpack that everyone else has so that he will "fit in."
B) He goes out to a lot of parties and social functions so that he can meet new friends, and perhaps meet a girlfriend.
C) He joins a political club on campus because he wants to feel part of "something bigger."
D) Even though he is buried with work, he makes an effort to walk around campus and go downtown periodically in order to "be in the world."

Question 5

Dr. Gregory is liked, respected, and approved of by her colleagues. That is, she has gained her colleagues' ____.

A) social acceptance
B) ethos
C) companionate trust
D) cognitive investment

Question 6

Anything that draws two or more people together is called ____.

A) attraction
B) exclusion
C) rejection
D) social acceptance

Question 7

As defined in the text, social acceptance is the opposite of ____.

A) social exclusion
B) loneliness
C) independence
D) attraction

Question 8

The force that causes people to want to be together and form lasting relationships can best be described as ____.

A) acceptance
B) attraction
C) reinforcer
D) reflection

Question 9

Research suggests that ____ is by nature "loner" who are indifferent to social contact.

A) most people
B) about a third of people
C) a small minority of people
D) virtually no one

Question 10

Compared to men with ____, men with ____ tend to be kinder, gentler, and more affectionate in relationships.

A) high levels of serotonin; high levels of testosterone
B) low levels of testosterone; high levels of testosterone
C) high levels of testosterone; low levels of testosterone
D) high levels of estrogen; low levels of estrogen

Question 11

Among men, which of the following is least associated with high levels of testosterone?

A) Unstable marriage
B) Disinterest in staying at home and caring for children
C) High sex drive
D) High incidence of depression

Question 12

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding testosterone levels in men?

A) They usually dip after men reach their early twenties.
B) They are usually constant throughout life.
C) They do not appear to be associated with sex drive.
D) They do not appear to be associated with risk-taking behavior.

Question 13

The social psychological "need to belong" seems to be present ____.

A) in almost all humans and non-human animals, all of the time
B) all of the time in humans, but in non-human animals only when their lives are at risk
C) all of the time in non-humans animals, but in humans only when their lives are at risk
D) for both non-human animals and humans, and primarily when their lives are at risk

Question 14

Research shows that, among men, high levels of testosterone are associated with risk-taking and competitiveness ____.

A) but are not associated with a high sex drive
B) but are not associated with unstable marriage
C) and are also associated with a disinclination to marry and care for children
D) and are also associated with depression

Question 15

Social psychologists define the need to belong as the desire to ____.

A) fit in, or be accepted by, individuals or groups of individuals
B) form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals
C) feel that one contributes to a cause or purpose larger than oneself
D) communicate with others and/or maintain interpersonal contact with others on a regular, ongoing basis

Question 16

As defined in the text, social exclusion is the opposite of ____.

A) social acceptance
B) loneliness
C) independence
D) attraction

Question 17

According to the textbook, most humans seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection. How do they compare to nonhuman animals?

A) Nonhuman animals similarly seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection.
B) Nonhuman animals also seek out social acceptance but do not necessarily become distressed by social rejection.
C) Nonhuman animals do not necessarily seek out social acceptance, but there is evidence that they become distressed by social rejection.
D) Nonhuman animals do not appear to seek out social acceptance to the same degree that humans do, nor do they appear to become distressed by social rejection.

Question 18

On average, which of the following groups of men is likely to have the highest testosterone levels?

A) Married men
B) Divorced men (now single)
C) Single men (never married)
D) There should not be any major differences between married, divorced, and single men.

Question 19

As discussed in the text, prisoners who live in solitary confinement ____.

A) initially crave social comfort, but get used to living alone after a few months.
B) initially crave social comfort, but get used to living alone after a few weeks.
C) do not necessarily crave social comfort; some are happy living alone right away.
D) crave social comfort, do not get used to living alone, and take desperate measures to try to communicate with others.

Question 20

Suppose that Roger is married and that he and his wife have just had a child. Jose is also married, but has no children. Their friend William is recently divorced. If these men are representative of other men in their same situations, then ____.

A) Roger probably has the lowest testosterone levels
B) William probably has the lowest testosterone levels
C) Roger and Jose are probably the same in terms of their testosterone levels, but William probably has higher testosterone levels
D) Jose and William are probably the same in terms of their testosterone levels, but Roger probably has higher testosterone levels

Question 21

Wolfgang is trying to get his new co-worker, Peter, to like him. He compliments Peter's wardrobe, listens attentively to Peter's stories, and routinely take Peter out to lunch. Wolfgang is clearly engaging in ____.

A) ostracism
B) propinquity
C) ingratiation
D) matching

Question 22

Brian has about five close friends but not many casual acquaintances. If he is like most people, then ____.

A) he is probably satisfied
B) he probably wants more close friends and more casual acquaintances
C) he probably wants more close friends but does not necessarily feel that he needs more casual acquaintances
D) he probably feels that he has more close friends than he needs

Question 23

According to social psychological research, which of the following adages is truer, "opposites attract" or "birds of a feather flock together"?

A) "Opposites attract."
B) "Birds of a feather flock together."
C) "Opposites attract" when it comes to romantic relationships, but "birds of a feather flock together" when it comes to friendships.
D) "Opposites attract" when it comes to friendships, but "birds of a feather flock together" when it comes to romantic relationships.

Question 24

Research has demonstrated that being relatively sociable and having close friends is ____ with developing colds and flu.

A) positively correlated
B) negatively correlated
C) not correlated to
D) positively correlated for women, but uncorrelated for men

Question 25

According to research on the elements of belongingness, which element is most lacking in commuter marriages?

A) Regular social contact
B) Relationship characterized by mutual respect
C) Positive interactions
D) Mutual bond

Question 26

For most people, having a few close friends is ____ and having lots of casual friends is ____.

A) relatively unimportant; relatively important
B) relatively unimportant; also relatively unimportant
C) important; less important
D) important; also important

Question 27

According to social psychological research, when do people tend to be more attracted to others who are dissimilar to them than to others who are similar to them?

A) Almost never
B) Almost all the time
C) When it comes to romantic relationships, but not friendships
D) When it comes to friendships, but not romantic relationships

Question 28

Given what your text says about the elements of belongingness, which element is a prostitute most lacking?

A) Regular social contact
B) Intimate interaction
C) Relationships characterized by mutual concern
D) Face-to-face contact

Question 29

Research has demonstrated that loneliness ____.

A) has no effect on the immune system
B) strengthens the immune system (in preparation for battling disease)
C) has the negative effect of weakening the immune system
D) strengthens men's immune systems but weaken women's immune systems

Question 30

Most people do not seem to seek out endless numbers of friends; having _____ close friends seems to be enough.

A) one or two
B) two or three
C) four to six
D) eight to twelve

Question 31

Woman sometimes stay in an abusive relationship.Which of the following is the least likely explanation for this phenomenon?

A) To leave a relationship goes against human nature.
B) Some women have a masochistic desire to be beaten.
C) People are designed to connect, not separate.
D) People need to belong.

Question 32

Most people find it ____ to form relationships with neighbors, co-workers, and other people. And most people ____ leave or end such relationships.

A) easy; just as easily
B) easy; are somewhat reluctant to
C) difficult; easily
D) difficult; are somewhat reluctant to

Question 33

To completely satisfy the need to belong, people must ____.

A) have both regular social contact and ongoing relationships in which people show mutual concern for one another
B) have regular social contacts that are positive in nature-though ongoing relationships are not necessary
C) have regular social contacts-though they do not need to be positive in nature or ongoing relationships
D) have ongoing relationships in which people show mutual concern for one another-though regular social contacts are not necessary

Question 34

Failure to satisfy the need to belong is associated with ____.

A) mental health problems (only).
B) poor physical health (only).
C) neither poor mental health nor poor physical health.
D) both poor mental health and poor physical health.

Question 35

When people who are dating break up with one another, they often plan to "just be friends." What happens in reality?

A) Most do not remain friends. But they say this (and they often try to remain friends) because they are reluctant to break social bonds.
B) Most do not remain friends, and never, in fact, expect to remain friends. They say this only to be polite.
C) Most do remain friends, despite thinking that they won't.
D) Most do remain friends, though such friendships are harder to sustain than other friendships.

Question 36

Quentin has certain friends that he plays soccer with, certain friends that he hangs out with on the weekends, and certain friends that he invites over to his house. His brother Billy, on the other hand, just has one set of friends with which he does everything. It is most likely that ____.

A) Quentin is higher in self-monitoring than Billy
B) Quentin is lower in self-monitoring than Billy
C) Quentin is higher in life satisfaction than Billy
D) Quentin is lower in life satisfaction than Billy

Question 37

Wolfgang is engaging in an act of ingratiation. What does this mean exactly?

A) He is trying to redeem himself, or "make up" for something.
B) He is trying to get someone to do something for him.
C) He is trying to get someone to like him.
D) He is empathizing with someone.

Question 38

People who are high in ____ compartmentalize their social lives more than others.

A) self-monitoring
B) collectivism
C) self-handicapping
D) similarity biases

Question 39

Most people are reluctant to end or leave a relationship with another person ____.

A) only when there is a clear purpose to the relationship
B) only when they have disclosed to the other person
C) only when there is a clear purpose to the relationship AND they have disclosed to the other person
D) regardless of whether there is a clear purpose to the relationship and regardless of whether they have disclosed to the other person

Question 40

Can people satisfy the need to belong via membership in a group or organization (e.g., a club or sports team), even if they do not have friendships there?

A) No, they must have close relationships with people in order to satisfy the need to belong.
B) Yes, some people may find these social connections satisfying even if they do not form close relationships.
C) Women can satisfy the need to belong this way, but men cannot.
D) Children can satisfy the need to belong this way, but adults cannot.

Question 41

Why does unrequited love make someone feel burdened?

A) The lack of propinquity
B) The reciprocity norm
C) Dissimilarity
D) The mere exposure effect

Question 42

The ____ is an example of familiarity reducing rather than increasing liking.

A) bystander effect
B) propinquity effect
C) bad apple effect
D) social allergy effect

Question 43

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of reinforcement theory?

A) We like people who like us.
B) We are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past than in other behaviors.
C) We tend to seek out rewards and avoid punishments.
D) We like people who make us feel good about ourselves.

Question 44

In attraction research, the propinquity effect refers to the tendency for people to be relatively attracted to others who ____.

A) they encounter on a regular basis
B) are similar to them
C) like them
D) have had experiences similar to their own

Question 45

According to ____, if a man wants a woman to like him more, then buying her flowers or candy can be an effective strategy.

A) the social allergy effect
B) reinforcement theory
C) the Coolidge effect
D) the matching hypothesis

Question 46

According to the textbook, the tendency for people to be attracted to others who are similar to them (rather than different from them) is probably ____.

A) an evolved preference-adaptive for humans and present in other animals as well
B) a learned preference-something that is taught to people as part of the socialization process, but not necessarily innate
C) a cultural phenomenon-something that is normative in individualistic cultures, but less common in collectivistic cultures
D) an individual differences variable (i.e., a personality difference)-something that is true for some people but not for other people

Question 47

Apparently people sometimes like others based on nothing more than familiarity. This is called the ____.

A) social allergy effect
B) matching hypothesis
C) propinquity effect
D) Coolidge effect

Question 48

The matching hypothesis states that people tend to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of ____.

A) attractiveness
B) values
C) demographics (age, ethnicity, social class, education, etc.)
D) fertility

Question 49

Research has demonstrated that the matching hypothesis holds true for ____.

A) opposite-sex romantic relationships (but in no other cases)
B) all types of romantic relationships (but not for friendships)
C) all types of romantic relationships and for female-female friendships (but not for male-male friendships or female-male friendships)
D) all types of romantic relationships and all types of friendships

Question 50

Petra finds out that her classmate, Julie, thinks that she is really cool. This makes Petra like Julie more than she did before. What does research suggest about this kind of "reciprocity of liking?"

A) It is widespread when it comes to acquaintanceships and friendships, but does not always hold true for romantic relationships.
B) It only holds true when there is some degree of liking between the two parties to begin with.
C) It only occurs among people with low self-esteem.
D) It only occurs among people with high self-esteem.

Question 51

Tom's new girlfriend has a habit of biting her nails. This did not bother Tom when he first met her, but it is beginning to annoy him more and more with each passing day. This is an example of the ____.

A) bystander effect
B) propinquity effect
C) bad apple effect
D) social allergy effect

Question 52

Research indicates that people are relatively attracted to others who are familiar to them, as well as to others who have a history of shared experiences. Research also suggests that these effects ____.

A) are deeply rooted in the human psyche, and have a long evolutionary history
B) can largely be explained by simple principles of classical conditioning
C) are relatively recent phenomena, which may well be byproducts of modern, post-industrial life
D) vary enormously across cultures, and thus appear to be culturally learned

Question 53

Lyndsay likes Matt a lot. Matt thinking Lindsay is okay, but does not like her as much as she likes him. What is Matt most likely feel with regard to Lyndsay after a while?

A) Burdened
B) Angry
C) Flattered
D) Sad

Question 54

Suppose that you are on a date with a new person, and you are trying to get this person to be attracted to you. Which of the following actions should you avoid?

A) Mimic your date's hand gestures and tone of voice.
B) Explicitly tell your date that you like him or her.
C) Discuss experiences you share, even if they are negative (e.g., discuss the fact that you both have chronic car problems).
D) Tell your date that you are not sure if you like him or her yet.

Question 55

Research on ingratiation has confirmed two themes of interpersonal rewards. Those two themes are ____.

A) giving compliments and communicating often
B) communicating often and doing favors
C) communicating often and looking attractive
D) giving compliments and doing favors

Question 56

Giving praise to another person you want to like you is ____.

A) always a good strategy
B) generally a good strategy, but not if you have done a favor for them recently
C) generally a good strategy, so long as you do not appear sincere
D) rarely a good strategy

Question 57

The fact that dissimilarity in physical attractiveness increases the risk of breaking up illustrates ____.

A) the matching hypothesis
B) the propinquity effect
C) reinforcement theory
D) the social allergy effect

Question 58

According to the text, the tendency for people to be attracted to others who are similar to them is probably ____; the value that people place on diversity and difference is probably ____.

A) social rather than cultural, also social rather than cultural
B) social rather than cultural, cultural rather than social
C) cultural rather than social, social rather than cultural
D) cultural rather than social, also cultural rather than social

Question 59

Most married couples are ____.

A) extremely similar in terms of demographic characteristics such as education level but not necessarily similar in intelligence
B) extremely similar in terms of traits such as intelligence but not necessarily similar demographically
C) not necessarily similar in demographic characteristics such as education level nor traits such as intelligence
D) extremely similar in both demographic characteristics such as education level and traits such as intelligence

Question 60

People who are high in self-monitoring differ from others in a number of ways. For example, they are more likely to ____.

A) have difficulty controlling their temper when they are angry
B) have different sets of friends for different activities
C) make internal attributions for others' behaviors
D) be shy and introverted around others

Question 61

Tom's new girlfriend, Elise, has a habit of biting her nails. This did not bother Tom when he first met her, but it is beginning to annoy him more and more with each passing day. Tom is starting to think that this is a sign that Elise might just not be the right person for him. What would a social psychologist say?

A) It is actually normal to be increasingly annoyed by a partner's habits-a phenomenon known as the social allergy effect.
B) It is actually normal to be increasingly annoyed by a partner's habits-a phenomenon known as the bad apple effect.
C) It is actually normal to be increasingly LESS annoyed by a partner's habits-something known as the social inoculation effect.
D) It is actually normal to be increasingly LESS annoyed by a partner's habits-something known as the relationship immunity effect.

Question 62

In a well-known study conducted in the 1950s, social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues analyzed the friendship patterns among graduate students living in one of the dormitories at MIT. Festinger et al.'s results were most consistent with the ____.

A) propinquity effect
B) matching hypothesis
C) reciprocity effect
D) social allergy effect

Question 63

According to the Money Matters feature in your text, women tend to rate men's attractiveness based on ____.

A) waist-to-hip ratio alone
B) income alone
C) both waist-to-hip ratio and income, but income was more important
D) both waist-to-hip ratio and income, but waist-to-hip ratio was more important

Question 64

Research on clothing and attractiveness indicates that ____.

A) men who are dressed expensively are trying to show off their bodies as sex objects
B) men who are dressed expensively are rated as effeminate
C) men who are dressed expensively are trying to display wealth and status
D) men who are dressed inexpensively are rated the most masculine

Question 65

According to research on online dating services, which profile will Sarah find most attractive?

A) Jack, who is 5 feet tall and makes $100,000
B) Sam, who is 6 feet two inches tall, and makes $20,000
C) Quentin, who is 5 feet 8 inches tall and makes $170,000
D) David, who is 5 feet 2 inches tall and makes $180,000

Question 66

According to the so-called "what is beautiful is good" effect, people tend to assume that physically attractive people are ____.

A) similar to them in terms of interests and general likeability
B) similar to them in terms of attractiveness
C) superior to others in terms of moral character
D) superior to others in terms of a wide range of factors-intelligence, popularity, sexual warmth, etc.

Question 67

Suppose that Anya lives near Duane, and tends to run into him a lot. And suppose that she lives farther away from Leroy, and runs into him less often. Research suggests that ____.

A) Anya is more likely to become friends with Duane, but no more likely to become enemies with one guy rather than the other.
B) Anya is more likely to become friends with Duane, AND more likely to become enemies with Duane.
C) Anya is more likely to become friends with Duane, AND more likely to become enemies with Leroy.
D) Anya is no more likely to become friends with one guy rather than the other, but she is more likely to become enemies with Leroy.

Question 68

Which of the following is TRUE about how waist-to-hip ratio affects judgments of attractiveness?

A) Men tend to prefer women with a ratio of .7, but women tend to not make judgments about men's attractiveness on this basis.
B) Men tend to prefer women with a ratio of .9, but women tend to not make judgments about men's attractiveness on this basis.
C) Men tend to prefer women with a ration of .7, but women tend to prefer men with a ratio of .9.
D) Both men and women prefer a ratio of .9.

Question 69

Social psychological research suggests that, when a person goes out on a date, the best predictor of that person's enjoyment of the date is ____.

A) how physically attractive the date is
B) how similar the date is in terms of basic demographic characteristics
C) how similar the date is in terms of values and attitudes
D) how much interest and attentiveness the date expresses

Question 70

The mere exposure effect is probably an important part of the ____.

A) propinquity effect
B) matching hypothesis
C) reciprocity effect
D) "what is beautiful is good" effect

Question 71

Suppose that Michelle has just gone out on a first date with a classmate, Ivan, and is deciding whether to go out on a second date. Which of the following is the best predictor of her decision?

A) How physically attractive she thinks Ivan is
B) How similar she thinks Ivan and she are, in terms of attitudes and values
C) How much future earning potential she thinks Ivan has
D) How much she thinks Ivan likes her

Question 72

Compared to people who are not physically attractive, people who are physically beautiful are assumed to be superior on many traits-including intelligence, sexual warmth, and popularity. This assumption is known as the ____.

A) Hollywood heuristic
B) "what is beautiful is good" effect
C) social allergy effect
D) beauty factor

Question 73

Suppose that Person X and Person Y live close to one another, and run into one another nearly every day. Compared to most people, their chances of becoming friends are ____ and their chances of becoming enemies are ____.

A) higher; much higher still
B) higher; about as high
C) higher; average
D) higher; lower

Question 74

In a well-known study conducted in the 1950s, social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues analyzed the friendship patterns among graduate students living in one of the dormitories at MIT. The researchers found that strongest predictor of friendship was ____.

A) how extraverted the students were
B) similarity in terms of hobbies and activities
C) similarity in terms of basic demographics (age, gender, being single versus married, etc.)
D) how close the students lived to one another

Question 75

Based on the research presented in the Money Matters feature in your text, which of the following statements about womens' ratings of attractiveness of men is most accurate?

A) Women always prefer taller men.
B) Women prefer taller men, but higher income can make up for lack of height.
C) Women do not look at height or income when they judge how attractive a man is.
D) Women always prefer heftier men to thin men.

Question 76

The term "social allergy effect" refers to the tendency ____.

A) to repel, or turn off, others
B) to find social situations anxiety-provoking
C) to find a particular person annoying or disagreeable
D) to become increasingly irritated by a partners' habits over time

Question 77

Familiarity and repeated exposure can sometimes make bad things worse. What does this idea best illustrate?

A) The bad apple effect
B) The social allergy effect
C) The overexposure effect
D) The propinquity effect

Question 78

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the preferences that people show for physically attractive people?

A) Adults, children, and even babies seem to show such preferences across a variety of circumstances.
B) People show such preferences across a variety of circumstances, but these preferences do not appear to emerge until late childhood.
C) Both adults and children show such preferences when selecting friends, but adults are more even-handed (and do not show preferences for attractive people) when it comes to work-related activities.
D) Both adults and children show such preferences across a variety of circumstances, but only if they are moderately attractive or highly attractive themselves.

Question 79

Research on body shape and standards for beauty indicates that ____.

A) in general, the inverted triangle shape is seen as most attractive in men and women
B) across cultures, the standard of beauty is nearly identical
C) within cultures, the standard of beauty across time is very stable
D) in general, the hourglass shape is seen as most attractive in both men and women

Question 80

Suppose that you meet a friend of a friend named Roger who is strikingly attractive, well-groomed, and well-mannered. And suppose that you immediately assume that Roger "has it together." That is to say, he is smart, talented and successful, and he likely has a great social and romantic life as well. If so, you would be showing evidence of the ____.

A) Hollywood heuristic
B) "what is beautiful is good" effect
C) social allergy effect
D) beauty factor