Deck 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

Question 1

Categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a more general stereotype are called ____.

A) subtypes
B) ingroups
C) outgroups
D) stigmas

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (a) hold egalitarian values, and (b) experience negative feelings, or feelings of disease, when interacting with minority groups?

A) aversive racism
B) social dominance orientation
C) contact hypothesis
D) discontinuity effect

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the textbook, one critical reason why people hold on to their stereotypes-even in the face of refuting evidence-is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create _____.

A) typologies
B) biases
C) prototypes
D) subtypes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the ABCs of intergroup relationships, ____ can best be thought of as a behavior.

A) stereotyping
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) prejudice

Question 5

Which of the following is the best definition of "stereotyping"?

A) A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group
B) A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or ethnic group
C) Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
D) Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits

Question 6

Suppose that Paul is gay, but he does not fit your stereotype of gay people: He wears baggy jeans, constantly swears, has sloppy table manners, and enjoys sports. Instead of changing the way you think about gay people as a group, however, you just decide that Paul belongs to a special class of gay people ("gay jocks"). This would be an example of ____.

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy
B) aversive prejudice
C) subtyping
D) the outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 7

Which of the following is the best definition of "discrimination"?

A) A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group
B) A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or ethnic group
C) Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
D) Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.

Question 8

Based on the textbook's definitions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Discrimination is always accompanied by prejudice.
B) Prejudice is always accompanied by discrimination.
C) A prejudice can be positive or negative.
D) A stereotype can be positive or negative.

Question 9

As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is best thought of as a(n) ____.

A) outgrowth of a prejudice or group of prejudices
B) type of prejudice
C) example of subtyping
D) consequence of the human tendency for social categorization

Question 10

In terms of intergroup relationships, a stereotype can best be described as ____ and a prejudice as ____.

A) an affect; a cognition
B) a cognition; an affect
C) a tendency; a habit
D) a habit; a tendency

Question 11

Which of the following BEST qualifies as an example of prejudice?

A) Sarah believes that gay men tend to like fashion. Thus, when Sarah meets Tom, a gay friend of her brother's, she asks him who his favorite fashion designer is (instead of asking him, say, about sports or movies).
B) A CEO of an advertising agency decides that she would like to employ more women. Thus, even though the agency receives applications from equally qualified men and women, far more women than men are hired.
C) Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person.
D) Horace has never met a black person before, but he watches a lot of old movies, and he has learned from these movies to associate black people with aggression as well as athleticism.

Question 12

Suppose that the CEO of a financial consulting company employs only tall people. Even though this CEO interviews equal numbers of short and tall applicants who are qualified to work at his company, he never hires any of the short ones. According to social psychologists, the CEO's behavior would be best described as an example of _____.

A) stereotyping
B) discrimination
C) prejudice
D) aversive prejudice

Question 13

Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. Randi's belief is best characterized as an example of ____.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) racism
D) stereotyping

Question 14

Aversive racism most captures the idea that ____.

A) people tend to avoid groups against whom they are prejudiced, such that they do not interact much with them to begin with
B) people tend to come up with complex rationalizations to "justify" prejudiced attitudes or behaviors
C) people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves
D) people sometimes hold prejudiced attitudes toward groups of which they themselves are members

Question 15

The term "____" refers to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) stereotype
D) racism

Question 16

Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. Chuck is most likely ____.

A) an aversive racist
B) high in social dominance orientation
C) experiencing the discontinuity effect
D) maintaining stereotypes about minority groups, but is not prejudiced

Question 17

The human tendency for rapid, pervasive social categorization is most in line with the idea of ____.

A) the representativeness heuristic
B) the cognitive miser
C) the "tend and befriend" instinct
D) self-regulation

Question 18

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the human tendencies for prejudice and stereotyping?

A) These tendencies are relatively new in human history (i.e., they did not exist in ancient cultures).
B) These tendencies have only recently been seen as morally wrong (i.e., in modern Western culture).
C) These tendencies are relatively new in human history AND they have only recently been seen as morally wrong.
D) These tendencies are ancient and they have always been seen as morally wrong (i.e., the earliest written records view them as deplorable).

Question 19

Research on the economics of sports suggests that ____.

A) racial discrimination is financially beneficial for most teams
B) racial discrimination can be costly for teams
C) racial discrimination does not occur
D) racial discrimination is rare

Question 20

An example of ____ against Native Americans would be the practice of keeping them on reservations instead of letting them live wherever they want.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) racism
D) stereotyping

Question 21

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. This tendency is most related to the so-called ____.

A) discontinuity effect
B) scapegoat effect
C) minimal group effect
D) outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 22

People who belong to the same category as yourself are called ____.

A) outgroup members
B) ingroup members
C) homogeneous
D) heterogeneous

Question 23

The human mind seems naturally inclined to ____.

A) think about each object in a group separately
B) sort objects into groups
C) constantly shift their opinions on which objects belong in which groups
D) spend a large amount of cognitive effort on forming impressions of objects

Question 24

Prejudice against atheists seems most rooted in ____.

A) competition
B) envy
C) insecurity
D) distrust

Question 25

Loretta is a Native American female. Which of the following is the BEST example of someone who is an outgroup member to Loretta?

A) Joanie, a Cherokee female
B) Maureen, a Seminole female
C) Skye, a Navajo female
D) Liana, an Asian-American female

Question 26

Szymanski's (2000) research found that black players in the major leagues for English football were paid ____.

A) the same salaries as white players with similar abilities
B) the same salaries as white players even if the Black players had higher abilities
C) higher salaries than white players, regardless of ability
D) lower salaries than white players, regardless of ability

Question 27

The so-called "outgroup homogeneity bias" refers to the tendency for people to ____.

A) perceive members of outgroups as relatively similar to one another, but perceive members of ingroups as relatively different from one another
B) perceive different outgroups as relatively similar to one another
C) assume that outgroups are similar to ingroups
D) believe that outgroups should be more similar to ingroups

Question 28

According to the text, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?

A) Both highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) and relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) are extremely common.
B) Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) have dramatically increased since 9/11; relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have actually declined.
C) Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) are relatively rare; however, relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have increased since 9/11.
D) Both highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) and relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have decreased since 9/11.

Question 29

According to the text, when do anti-fat attitudes begin?

A) Anti-fat attitudes appear to be innate, or inborn.
B) Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as preschool.
C) Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as ages 7-8.
D) Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as adolescence (ages 11 and on).

Question 30

Francois is at a bar and asks a beautiful woman for her phone number. Suppose the woman rebuffs him and calls him a creep. Which of the following responses BEST exemplifies the outgroup homogeneity bias?

A) Francois thinks, "Why can't women be more like men?"
B) Francois thinks, "Women-they're all the same!"
C) Francois thinks, "Women are so mysterious and hard to understand."
D) Francois thinks, "I am annoyed with all women at this point-not just this one."

Question 31

Bushman and Bonacci (2004) found that prejudiced participants were ____ likely to return a lost e-mail that had been addressed to someone with an Arab surname as compared to a European-American surname.

A) 12% more
B) 12% less
C) 70% more
D) 70% less

Question 32

Most people assume that outgroup members are relatively similar to one another, while ingroup members are relatively different from one another. This tendency is known as the ____.

A) outgroup homogeneity bias
B) scapegoat effect
C) minimal group effect
D) superordinate group bias

Question 33

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. However, as discussed in the textbook, one exception to this pattern is when a member of the other group appears to be ____. In that case, he or she is well-remembered and well-recognized.

A) angry
B) powerful
C) kind or generous
D) non-threatening

Question 34

When black players entered the major league market for English football, they were ____.

A) paid more than white players because they had more talent
B) paid less than white players because fewer teams wanted to hire them
C) paid the same as white players because of fair practices
D) heavily recruited by nearly all team.

Question 35

Jennifer is a student at UCLA. When asked to describe the average UCLA student, she says it is almost impossible to do so because "there are so many different kinds of people at UCLA; the diversity is really amazing." By contrast, when asked to describe the average USC student, Jennifer says: "That's easy; they're all almost exactly the same." Social psychologists would say that Jennifer is displaying what is known as the ____.

A) discontinuity effect
B) scapegoat effect
C) minimal group effect
D) outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 36

Research on salaries and racial discrimination in major league English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay ____ overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players.

A) 5% more
B) 15% more
C) 20% more
D) 50% more

Question 37

Das, Bushman, Bezemer, Kerkhof, and Vermeulen used what naturally occurring factor in their study of attitudes toward Arab integration in Dutch society?

A) The September 11th terrorist attacks in the United States
B) The murder of Theo van Gogh in Amsterdam
C) The election of Barack Obama in the United States
D) The contested election of President Mahmoud Amhadinejad in Iran

Question 38

People who belong to a different category from yourself are ____.

A) outgroup members
B) ingroup members
C) homogeneous
D) heterogeneous

Question 39

The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that ____.

A) when given the option, people tend to automatically classify themselves into the social group with the most variance
B) people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members
C) people derogate others in order to maintain positive self-esteem
D) social categorization is an innate, fundamental human process

Question 40

According to the textbook, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?

A) Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States has increased dramatically since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.
B) Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States has actually decreased since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.
C) Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States is about the same as before the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.
D) The U.S. government has banned research on the topic of prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.

Question 41

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). Which of the following theories best accounts for the kind of prejudice that existed between these groups?

A) The contact hypothesis
B) Realistic conflict theory
C) Social dominance theory
D) Symbolic politics theory

Question 42

____ refer to characteristics of people that are considered socially unacceptable-for example, mental illnesses, disabilities, or scars.

A) Stereotypes
B) Prejudices
C) Biases
D) Stigmas

Question 43

During the second phase of the Robber's Cave experiment, the boys from the Eagles and the Rattlers had ____ contact with each other.

A) no
B) competitive
C) cooperative
D) little

Question 44

Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that ____.

A) obesity negatively impacts both genders about the same degree
B) obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women
C) obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially men
D) obesity negatively impacts women, but does not negatively impact men

Question 45

Research examining whether women and men are more or less tolerant of female lesbian behavior versus male gay behavior has found that

A) both genders are somewhat more tolerant of female lesbian behavior.
B) both genders are somewhat more tolerant of male gay behavior.
C) females are more tolerant of female lesbian behavior, while males are more tolerant of male gay behavior.
D) females are more tolerant of male gay behavior, while males are more tolerant of female lesbian behavior.

Question 46

Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup) ____.

A) immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined
B) as soon as their ingroup became an important part of their personal identity
C) only after the two teams had engaged in direct competition
D) only after they had "bonded" with their ingroup by enduring a shared hardship

Question 47

Sherif's Robber's Cave Study was conducted in ____ phases.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) six

Question 48

Suppose that Madison has just begun dating Wayne. While at his house, she notices some family photos on the coffee table. She notices that-even though Wayne himself is not overweight-every other member of his family is clearly obese. Somehow, this makes Wayne seem less attractive to Madison. Madison's attitude illustrates ____.

A) prejudice contagion
B) stigma by association
C) the discontinuity effect
D) the social context bias

Question 49

According to the text, at present, the most likely explanation for people's attitudes against lesbians and homosexuals are rooted in ____.

A) an innate, inborn aversion to these groups
B) a lack of familiarity with these groups
C) a sense of being in competition with these groups
D) a fear that they themselves will be the recipients of unwanted romantic or sexual advances from these groups

Question 50

Suppose that Al is obese, and you are prejudiced against obese people. Which of the following would be the best example of stigma by association?

A) You evaluate people less positively when you find out they are friends with Al.
B) You assume that because Al is obese, he probably has several other negative qualities as well (slovenliness, inarticulateness, etc.).
C) You assume that Al is similar to other obese people.
D) You try not to associate with Al because at some level you are afraid (albeit irrationally) of becoming obese yourself.

Question 51

Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as ____.

A) prejudice contagion
B) stigma by association
C) the discontinuity effect
D) the social context bias

Question 52

Compared to others, obese people tend to be rated as ____.

A) less attractive (but no less successful, hardworking, or intelligent)
B) less attractive and less successful (but no less hardworking or intelligent)
C) less attractive, less successful, and less hardworking (but no less intelligent)
D) less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent

Question 53

Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?

A) While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.
B) Prejudice could be significantly reduced via education and structural changes to society.
C) Prejudice is not at all inevitable; it exists in some cultures but not in others, suggesting that a prejudice-free culture is wholly possible.
D) Prejudice is more or less natural, and almost all attempts to reduce prejudices have been completely ineffective.

Question 54

Technically speaking, the term "homophobia" refers to excessive ____ homosexuals or homosexual behavior.

A) fear of
B) guilt surrounding
C) hatred for
D) avoidance of

Question 55

Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York, but currently works in California as a Human Resources Director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor New York applicants over other applicants. That is, she tends to engage in ____.

A) the discontinuity effect
B) ingroup favoritism
C) stigma by association
D) the minimal group effect

Question 56

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.

A) the discontinuity effect
B) ingroup favoritism
C) stigma by association
D) the minimal group effect

Question 57

Which of the following is least likely to be considered a stigma?

A) Being overweight
B) Having bad acne
C) Having double-jointed knees
D) Having cerebral palsy

Question 58

The so-called "minimal group effect" most directly suggests that ____.

A) prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned"
B) people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group
C) the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be
D) people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us"

Question 59

Research on prejudice against lesbian and gay people has shown that, in general, ____.

A) gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women
B) lesbian women experience more prejudice than gay men
C) prejudice against these groups appears to be innate, or inborn
D) there has been strong prejudice against these groups in all known human societies

Question 60

To what extent is homosexual behavior "natural"? Research indicates that it occurs ____.

A) among humans all over the world, as well as among other species
B) among humans all over the world, though not among other species
C) among humans only in a few parts of the world, though also among other species
D) among humans only in a few parts of the world, and not among other species

Question 61

Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success.

A) higher; higher
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) lower; lower

Question 62

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____.

A) the minimal group effect
B) the discontinuity effect
C) the group polarization effect
D) deindividuation

Question 63

Research suggests that stereotyping ____.

A) allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process information more quickly
B) allows people to save mental energy but does not enable them to process information more quickly
C) does not allow people to save mental energy but does enable them to process information more quickly
D) does not allow people to save mental energy or process information more quickly

Question 64

According to realistic group conflict theory, white people should show the most prejudice against minority groups when ____.

A) they have had little to contact with them
B) the economy is doing poorly, and whites feel as though they are competing with minorities for a scarce supply of jobs
C) the economy is doing well, and whites feel that minorities are getting jobs that they don't deserve
D) whites feel as though minorities are not trying hard enough to get jobs and play a role in the economy

Question 65

According to the textbook, there is/are ____ known peaceful societies in the world.

A) no
B) only one
C) about 5
D) about 25

Question 66

Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico, and that-even though he has never been to the U.S.-he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. According to the text, these stereotypes are most likely based on ____.

A) the few brief interactions he has had with Americans in Mexico
B) what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans
C) what he knows about other groups of foreigners
D) his assumptions about what Americans "must be like" given what he knows about the U.S. as a country

Question 67

In Muzafer Sherif's research with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp in Robber's Cave, it was found that ____ tended to increase prejudice, while ____ tended to reduce it.

A) competition; superordinate goals
B) increased contact; superordinate goals
C) superordinate goals; increased contact
D) competition; increased contact

Question 68

According to the textbook, is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful?

A) There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all-among adults or children.
B) There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among adults, but it still exists among children.
C) There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among children, but it still exists among adults.
D) There are a number of cultures where competition is rare, among both children and adults, but there are no known cultures where it does not exist.

Question 69

The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when ____.

A) there is preexisting animosity between the groups
B) the group is large rather than small
C) individuals are highly identified with their group
D) individual group members are identifiable

Question 70

The discontinuity effect refers to ____.

A) the fact that, even when faced with strong evidence counter to their stereotypes, people tend to hold onto their stereotypes and simply allow that there are "exceptions"
B) the fact that people's explicit attitudes do not always match their implicit attitudes
C) the tendency for people to exclude themselves from a category when stereotyping that category
D) the fact that groups tend to be more influenced by competition than individuals are

Question 71

Rationalization of oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to ____.

A) promote one's self esteem
B) remain ignorant of a group's actual behavioral characteristics
C) protect the political goals of the powerful group
D) think more efficiently

Question 72

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes?

A) They will both use stereotypes throughout the day.
B) They will both tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
C) Fred will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
D) Ned will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.

Question 73

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____.

A) realistic conflict theory
B) the acquaintance potential effect
C) the contact hypothesis
D) the perspective hypothesis

Question 74

In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that ____.

A) is a stepping stone to a larger goal
B) is symbolic rather than tangible or concrete
C) can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others
D) inevitably pits one group against another (i.e., a "zero-sum goal")

Question 75

Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice through ____.

A) avoiding contact with outgroup members until necessary
B) competitive exercises with outgroup members
C) imagined positive interactions with outgroup members
D) testing positive interactions under adverse conditions

Question 76

Groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are. This effect has been dubbed ____.

A) the discontinuity effect
B) group conflict theory
C) the minimal group effect
D) group polarization

Question 77

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.

A) social categorization
B) scapegoat
C) frustration-aggression theory
D) jigsaw

Question 78

According to the textbook, there are a number of contemporary societies that are completely peaceful, and do not have any form of competition or intergroup strife. On the downside, however, these societies tend to ____.

A) be unsuccessful in economic and political terms
B) manifest high rates of depression and emotional apathy
C) experience higher rates of marital and familial problems than expected
D) dissolve before other societies

Question 79

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end?

A) They were brought into more and more frequent contact with one another.
B) They engaged in a number of tasks that built perspective-taking abilities.
C) They were put in a situation that established a clear winner and a clear loser.
D) They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.

Question 80

As discussed in the textbook, people are most likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.

A) first-hand knowledge of the outgroup
B) first-hand knowledge of other outgroups
C) the assumption that the outgroup is just like the ingroup
D) what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup