Deck 14: Groups

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Question
As described in the text, ____ was at the core of the fascist movements of the first half of the twentieth century.

A) deindividuation
B) social facilitation
C) optimal distinctiveness
D) social loafing
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Question
The text quotes Stanislaus Lezczynski, King of Poland, who stated that "no snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible," to capture the notion of ____.

A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Question
The text notes that the effect of role differentiation in cultural groups is the ____.

A) the preservation of information across generations
B) the efficient production of food
C) the enhancement of the benefits of deindividuation
D) the utilization of experts for job functions
Question
Which of the following is the best example of deindividuation?

A) Since all of her friends drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes at parties, Jessica feels that she has an "excuse" to do the same-even though she would normally feel guilty about engaging in these behaviors.
B) Stanner is a teenager who puts on a "front" when hanging out with his friends. In these instances he does not act true to himself at all, and instead seems to be playing a role or acting a part.
C) Anna is a soldier who is so mentally wrapped up in the war that she actually stops thinking about herself as an individual who is separate from her unit, and fails to ask herself whether or not she is behaving responsibly.
D) Petra is a novelist who becomes so focused on her writing-she calls it "being in the zone"-that she actually loses track of the day and time, often forgetting to eat dinner.
Question
Unlike groups that are merely social groups, cultural groups ____.

A) promote safety
B) find and share food
C) can complete tasks that individual group members cannot complete alone
D) preserve information
Question
Which of the following does NOT qualify as a group, according to the definition given in the text?

A) A married couple
B) One hundred people running a marathon together
C) English students at a local university
D) Three people who have never met before and have nothing in common
Question
Compared to human groups, the social groups formed by animals are much less tolerant of ____.

A) within-group diversity
B) within-group hierarchy
C) within-group competition
D) between-group competition
Question
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A) have the potential for better performance
B) be less creative
C) have higher group morale
D) be more cooperative
Question
Social psychologists have coined the term ____ to refer to the loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group.

A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Question
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A) be more creative
B) be more cooperative
C) have higher group morale
D) communicate more effectively
Question
John is taking part in a student protest, marching across police lines into an important administrative building on campus. He is so wrapped up in the group mentality that he actually stops thinking about himself as an individual who is separate from the group, and fails to ask himself whether or not he is behaving responsibly. John is probably experiencing ____.

A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Question
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A) be less creative
B) cooperate more
C) have lower group morale
D) communicate more effectively
Question
In a nutshell, the research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

A) diversity is almost always a minus rather than a plus
B) diversity is almost always a plus rather than a minus
C) diversity presents numerous challenges, but can sometimes be a plus
D) diverse groups have more fun than homogeneous groups, but get less done
Question
Suppose that you have just joined a local volleyball team. Which of the following items would be least likely to make you feel bonded, or unified, with your new team?

A) You learn that there is a rival team in a nearby neighborhood.
B) You and your team share an emotional experience when one team member is hurt while playing.
C) You learn that people on your team come from a wide range of backgrounds and lifestyles.
D) Your team selects a mascot and comes up with a team song.
Question
The term deindividuation is best defined as a loss of ____ that people sometimes feel in group situations.

A) self-awareness and individual accountability
B) self-esteem
C) morals and ethics
D) sense of time, place, and space
Question
As defined in the text, a group is a collection of at least two people who ____.

A) have a common goal
B) are being or doing something together
C) have a common identity
D) think, feel, or act similarly
Question
As discussed in the text, there are a number of items that make groups feel united. Which of the following is least likely to unite groups?

A) The presence of an outgroup
B) Shared emotional experiences
C) A group name or uniform
D) Diversity of opinion
Question
As discussed in the text, when a group experiences a shared emotional experience (whether positive or negative), they tend to feel ____. When they are given a name or uniform that identifies them as a group, they tend to feel ____.

A) more united; more united as well
B) more united; neither more united nor less united
C) neither more united nor less united; more united
D) neither more united nor less united; neither more united nor less united.
Question
As discussed in the text, human groups are ____.

A) social but not cultural
B) cultural but not social
C) both social and cultural
D) neither social nor cultural
Question
Research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

A) diverse groups suffer from poor communication and are less creative and flexible than homogeneous groups
B) diverse groups are more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, and tend to perform better than other groups
C) diverse groups are capable of being more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, but tend to suffer from poor communication and perform worse than other groups
D) diverse groups are far more communicative with one another than homogeneous groups, but tend to be less creative and flexible
Question
Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to concern about how others are evaluating your performance.

A) self-monitoring
B) evaluation apprehension
C) social evaluation
D) self-referencing
Question
Many modern offices have open, public shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This office style works best if the employees are working on ____.

A) simple tasks that they have performed many times
B) simple but novel tasks
C) complex tasks that they have performed many times
D) complex and novel tasks
Question
In the language of social facilitation theory, the so-called dominant response is ____.

A) the response that is most common for a given person in a given situation
B) the response that is most common among most people in most situations
C) the response that is most socially valued within a given situation
D) an aggressive response
Question
After decades of research on the effect that others have on task performance, social psychologists have concluded that the presence of others ____.

A) almost always improves performance, because it stimulates competition
B) almost always hinders performance, because it elicits evaluation apprehension
C) has mixed effects, because it elicits evaluation apprehension
D) has mixed effects, because it elicits a person's dominant response
Question
Similarity is important to membership in a human cultural group because it ____.

A) cements one's allegiance to the group
B) promotes physical well-being of group members
C) increases information sharing within the group
D) promotes diversity within the group
Question
Based on research on social facilitation, we should expect that-all else being equal-children who work on a set of easy puzzles alone will ____ than children who work on the same puzzles side by side in a big group of other children.

A) work more slowly
B) work more quickly
C) second-guess themselves less
D) second-guess themselves more
Question
In one of the earliest social psychological experiments to be conducted, Norman Triplett examined the records of teams of cyclists. He found that cyclists who raced against each other ____ than those who raced alone (against the clock).

A) were more aggressive after the race
B) got into more accidents
C) cycled more quickly
D) enjoyed the race less
Question
Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to suffer most?

A) Tom, a copy machine operator
B) Suzanne, an analyst
C) Moe, a typist
D) Ursula, a janitor
Question
Belonging to a human cultural group has two competing demands. They are ____.

A) similarity and uniqueness
B) happiness and sadness
C) approach and avoidance
D) religion and secularism
Question
Rohit is a very good golfer when he is alone, and an excellent golfer when he is with others. In the language of social facilitation theory, playing golf well appears to be a(n) ____ for Rohit.

A) central response
B) dominant response
C) default response
D) optimally distinctive response
Question
Humans need to find uniqueness within the context of their group memberships. What structural elements of groups help humans do this?

A) roles
B) norms
C) communication patterns
D) membership applications
Question
Social facilitation theory suggests that tasks like walking, brushing one's teeth, or counting will be ____ by the presence of others. It also suggests that tasks like solving a difficult math problem or crossword puzzle will be ____ by the presence of others.

A) unaffected; enhanced
B) enhanced; enhanced as well
C) enhanced; unaffected
D) enhanced; hindered
Question
Based on early research by Norman Triplett with racing cyclists, we should expect that people who exercise for half an hour on rowing machines at a gym, among other people, would be more likely to ____ than people who exercise for half an hour on a rowing machine in the privacy of their home.

A) burn more calories
B) burn less calories
C) feel a sense of accomplishment
D) feel a sense of failure
Question
Research on social facilitation would suggest that, in general, runners would ____ when running alongside others as opposed to running alone.

A) run faster
B) run slower
C) be more likely to fall
D) be more likely to injure themselves
Question
While many modern offices make use of open shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices), this office style can hinder productivity. Indeed, this office style is likely to be particularly detrimental for employees who work on ____.

A) simple tasks that they have performed many times
B) simple but novel tasks
C) complex tasks that they have performed many times
D) complex, novel tasks
Question
Cockroaches completed simple mazes more quickly when they ran in the presence of other cockroaches (as opposed to alone), and completed complex mazes more quickly when they ran alone (as opposed to in a group). This finding illustrates that, even among cockroaches, ____.

A) social facilitation happens for dominant responses
B) both social facilitation and social inhibition can happen for dominant responses
C) social facilitation happens for non-dominant responses
D) both social facilitation and social inhibition can happen for non-dominant responses
Question
In his early social psychological research regarding bicyclists and racing performance, Norman Triplett's initial interpretation of his finding was that the presence of others stimulated a ____.

A) competitive instinct
B) desire for social approval
C) willingness to sacrifice for the greater good
D) person's dominant response
Question
Which of the following is the most accurate summary of social facilitation theory?

A) The presence of others increases the dominant response tendency.
B) The presence of others elicits evaluation apprehension.
C) The presence of others improves task performance.
D) The presence of others leads to competition.
Question
According to social facilitation theory, for most people, task performance for tasks such as ____ should be enhanced by the presence of others, while task performance for tasks such as ____ should be hindered by the presence of others.

A) washing dishes; walking
B) solving a difficult math problem; walking
C) solving a difficult math problem; washing dishes
D) washing dishes; solving a difficult math problem
Question
According to social facilitation theory, task performance is sometimes enhanced by the presence of others and sometimes hurt by the presence of others. Generally speaking, this depends upon ____.

A) whether the task at hand is easy or hard.
B) whether or not the others who are present are engaged in the same task.
C) whether the person is an introvert or an extrovert.
D) whether or not the others who are present are members of a social ingroup.
Question
Early research in social psychology conducted by Max Ringlemann revealed that people ____ when they work as part of a group (e.g., pushing a car off of the road with two other people) compared to when they work alone at the same task.

A) do not work as hard
B) work harder
C) feel like they are doing more work
D) feel like they are doing less work
Question
Given Max Ringlemann's early research looking at group size and individual effort, should we expect Student X to put in a different amount of effort depending on whether she worked on a history project in a five-person group or a two-person group?

A) Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the five-person group.
B) Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the two-person group.
C) No, we should expect her to work equally hard in both groups.
D) This is impossible to determine; it appears that there are no predictable patterns regarding group size and individual effort.
Question
Jane joined a sorority her freshman year of college and moved into the house her sophomore year. She had never engaged in binge eating before moving into the sorority. After the end of her sophomore year of living in the house, she is most likely to ____.

A) still refrain from binge eating
B) engage in extreme binge eating
C) engage in limited binge eating
D) engage in the level of binge eating that most of her sorority sisters do
Question
Jonah is really worried about playing the piano at his recital in front of his girlfriend, who has expressed a desire to be at the recital. Jonah keeps thinking about her instead of concentrating on playing his music. Which of the three processes that influences social facilitation does this scenario most emphasize?

A) evaluation apprehension
B) distraction
C) bodily arousal
D) social loafing
Question
We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

A) people are held accountable for their inputs
B) people are anonymous within the group
C) the task at hand is unimportant to people
D) people think that others in the group are superior to them in terms of the task at hand
Question
Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to benefit most?

A) Tom, a copy machine operator
B) Suzanne, an analyst
C) Mike, an attorney
D) Irene, a customer service specialist
Question
We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

A) people are not held accountable for their inputs
B) people are anonymous within the group
C) the task at hand is important to people
D) people think that others in the group are superior to them in terms of the task at hand
Question
Suppose that four students are working on a group project regarding the Cultural Revolution in China. Who is most likely to engage in social loafing?

A) Tom, an older student who is the only group member to have actually lived in China during the Cultural Revolution
B) Gina, an East Asian Studies major who is obsessed with having a perfect GPA
C) Priscilla, who is convinced that most of the other group members are incompetent
D) Frank, who is certain that he will get an "A" in the class no matter how he performs on the group project
Question
People tend to reduce effort when working in a group as opposed to when working alone. This phenomenon is known as ____.

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) the bad apple effect
D) social loafing
Question
Patterns of binge eating were rarely noted prior to ____.

A) 1960
B) 1975
C) 1980
D) 1990
Question
Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes upon which social facilitation depends?

A) evaluation apprehension
B) distraction
C) bodily arousal
D) social loafing
Question
Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, wherein you are required to put together a presentation on Impressionist art. You are least likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

A) the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B) there are a number of Art History majors in the group (and you're not one of them)
C) the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D) the presentation is a very small part of the course grade
Question
The term "free rider problem" is sometimes used to refer to ____.

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) the bad apple effect
D) social loafing
Question
Suppose that you own a rowboat and sometimes go rowing in the summer. In June, you are planning to go rowing with two of your friends (three people total in the boat), and in July, you are planning to go rowing with just one friend (two people total in the boat). Will you put in more effort (row harder) on the three-person trip or on the two-person trip?

A) You will put in more effort on the three-person trip.
B) You will put in more effort on the two-person trip.
C) You will put in the same amount of effort on both trips.
D) It is impossible to say-no research has examined this question.
Question
Binge eating is defined by ____.

A) eating until you feel full
B) alternating periods of uncontrolled eating and severe restraint
C) restricting caloric intake to starvation levels
D) eating past when you feel full
Question
As defined in the text, narcissists are ____.

A) people who regard themselves as better than others and are constantly trying to win the admiration of others
B) people who have a total disregard for ethics and morality
C) essentially the same as people with healthy levels of self-esteem
D) people who overvalue superficial qualities (e.g., physical attractiveness) and undervalue deeper qualities (e.g., loyalty)
Question
Of the following people, who will be most inspired to perform well simply because others are watching?

A) Jacob, who has low self-esteem
B) Antione, who has high self-esteem
C) Chris, who is a narcissist
D) Luke, who is high in self-efficacy
Question
Social loafing is also known as the ____.

A) free rider problem
B) bad apple effect
C) bait and switch technique
D) narcissism effect
Question
Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, where you are required to put together a presentation on Islamic artists. You are most likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

A) the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B) no one in your group knows anything about Islamic art
C) the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D) the presentation is a very large part of the course grade
Question
Research on college sororities has found that ____.

A) binge eating leads to social exclusion
B) binge eating levels depend mostly on geographic region
C) binge eating patterns seem to be contagious
D) binge eating occurs among the most isolated sorority members
Question
The so-called commons dilemma involves two kinds of conflicts: one concerning ____ and one concerning ____.

A) self-interest; time
B) communication; self-esteem
C) accountability; self-awareness
D) norms; self-esteem
Question
Altruistic punishment is BEST described as ____.

A) punishing others for their own good
B) punishing others for their own good-and making sacrifices in order to do so
C) punishing those who cheat the system
D) punishing those who cheat the system-and making sacrifices in order to do so
Question
Which of the following is FALSE regarding altruistic punishment?

A) It involves punishing oneself.
B) Its goal is improving the common good.
C) It involves self-sacrifice.
D) It is concerned with punishing free riders and system cheaters.
Question
Research indicates that if eight people work jointly in a brainstorming session, they are likely to come up with ____ eight people working independently.

A) fewer ideas than
B) about the same number of ideas as
C) just a few more ideas than
D) significantly more ideas than
Question
It would be most accurate to say that the results of deindividuation are ___.

A) almost always negative
B) almost always positive
C) somewhat violent
D) somewhat erratic
Question
When people are in a group situation in which they feel deindividuated, they are most likely to behave badly when ____.

A) they are highly self-aware
B) they are anonymous to one another
C) they are focused outward, on what others are thinking about them
D) they feel anonymous to outsiders who may be watching them
Question
People are more likely to engage in the commons dilemma when ____.

A) they do not communicate with others
B) others are behaving well
C) they are held accountable for their behaviors
D) they have a long-term perspective
Question
A traditional economist-who believes that humans always behave in rational, self-interested ways-would be MOST shocked to learn about the human tendency for ____.

A) evaluation apprehension
B) social loafing
C) the bad apple effect
D) altruistic punishment
Question
The commons dilemma refers to the tendency for people to ____.

A) be less likely to assist others in need when many other onlookers are present as opposed to when few or no other onlookers are present
B) waste, deplete, or use in a less-than-optimal way resources that are shared with others rather than private
C) be more likely to behave inappropriately or aggressively when part of a group rather than alone
D) refrain from punishing others who "cheat the system" for fear that they will be suffer some negative result
Question
People sometimes punish those who cheat the system, even when they need to make sacrifices or suffer losses to do so. According to the text, this phenomenon is known as ____.

A) the bad apple effect
B) altruistic punishment
C) Vladimir's choice
D) the vigilante correction
Question
People are least likely to overharvest resources in the commons dilemma when ____.

A) they communicate with others
B) others are behaving badly
C) they are anonymous
D) they are highly self-interested
Question
The idea that one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well is known as ____.

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) the free rider problem
D) the bad apple effect
Question
____ is the tendency for shared or jointly owned resources to be squandered and not used in an optimal or advantageous fashion.

A) The resource trap
B) Social loafing
C) The commons dilemma
D) The bad apple effect
Question
____ is a form of creative thinking in groups, using a procedure in which all group members are encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible.

A) T-grouping
B) Brainstorming
C) Open ideation
D) The commons dilemma
Question
The fact that humans engage in altruistic punishment fits one of the themes of the text, namely that ____.

A) natural selection has favored humans who are able to participate in a cultural society
B) cultural animals copy things that they see others doing
C) humans process information using the duplex mind
D) humans are born with access to a "collective unconscious"
Question
Given existing research on individualism versus collectivism, what kinds of differences (if any) should we expect between individualists and collectivists in terms of social loafing?

A) Collectivists are likely to loaf more than individualists.
B) Collectivists are likely to loaf less than individualists.
C) Collectivists are likely to be more tolerant of loafing than individualists.
D) Collectivists are likely to loaf in small groups as well as large groups, while individualists are likely to loaf in large groups only.
Question
The so-called bad apple effect refers to the idea that ____.

A) at least one person in every social group tends to loaf
B) one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well
C) people are more prone to copy negative behaviors than positive behaviors
D) it is not always easy to tell at a distance who is loafing and who is not
Question
Your boss at work has asked you and three other employees to come up with some fundraising ideas. "Just put your heads together, speak freely among yourselves, and think up as many ideas as you can," she says. She is asking you to engage in ____.

A) a commons dilemma
B) brainstorming
C) negotiation
D) concessions
Question
Even though Joey suffered because of it-his peers at school teased him for months-he filed a report with the principal's office when he heard that two of the popular kids at school had cheated on a big exam. Joey filed the report for everyone's good. Social psychologists would say that in reporting the students Joey engaged in ____.

A) the commons dilemma
B) altruistic punishment
C) self-censorship
D) the risky shift
Question
Research on deindividuation and mob violence indicates that the level of ____ is the single biggest factor in predicting aggression.

A) accountability
B) anonymity
C) self-awareness
D) self-esteem
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Deck 14: Groups
1
As described in the text, ____ was at the core of the fascist movements of the first half of the twentieth century.

A) deindividuation
B) social facilitation
C) optimal distinctiveness
D) social loafing
A
2
The text quotes Stanislaus Lezczynski, King of Poland, who stated that "no snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible," to capture the notion of ____.

A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
A
3
The text notes that the effect of role differentiation in cultural groups is the ____.

A) the preservation of information across generations
B) the efficient production of food
C) the enhancement of the benefits of deindividuation
D) the utilization of experts for job functions
D
4
Which of the following is the best example of deindividuation?

A) Since all of her friends drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes at parties, Jessica feels that she has an "excuse" to do the same-even though she would normally feel guilty about engaging in these behaviors.
B) Stanner is a teenager who puts on a "front" when hanging out with his friends. In these instances he does not act true to himself at all, and instead seems to be playing a role or acting a part.
C) Anna is a soldier who is so mentally wrapped up in the war that she actually stops thinking about herself as an individual who is separate from her unit, and fails to ask herself whether or not she is behaving responsibly.
D) Petra is a novelist who becomes so focused on her writing-she calls it "being in the zone"-that she actually loses track of the day and time, often forgetting to eat dinner.
Unlock Deck
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k this deck
5
Unlike groups that are merely social groups, cultural groups ____.

A) promote safety
B) find and share food
C) can complete tasks that individual group members cannot complete alone
D) preserve information
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
Which of the following does NOT qualify as a group, according to the definition given in the text?

A) A married couple
B) One hundred people running a marathon together
C) English students at a local university
D) Three people who have never met before and have nothing in common
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
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7
Compared to human groups, the social groups formed by animals are much less tolerant of ____.

A) within-group diversity
B) within-group hierarchy
C) within-group competition
D) between-group competition
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A) have the potential for better performance
B) be less creative
C) have higher group morale
D) be more cooperative
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
Social psychologists have coined the term ____ to refer to the loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group.

A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A) be more creative
B) be more cooperative
C) have higher group morale
D) communicate more effectively
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
John is taking part in a student protest, marching across police lines into an important administrative building on campus. He is so wrapped up in the group mentality that he actually stops thinking about himself as an individual who is separate from the group, and fails to ask himself whether or not he is behaving responsibly. John is probably experiencing ____.

A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
12
Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A) be less creative
B) cooperate more
C) have lower group morale
D) communicate more effectively
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
13
In a nutshell, the research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

A) diversity is almost always a minus rather than a plus
B) diversity is almost always a plus rather than a minus
C) diversity presents numerous challenges, but can sometimes be a plus
D) diverse groups have more fun than homogeneous groups, but get less done
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
14
Suppose that you have just joined a local volleyball team. Which of the following items would be least likely to make you feel bonded, or unified, with your new team?

A) You learn that there is a rival team in a nearby neighborhood.
B) You and your team share an emotional experience when one team member is hurt while playing.
C) You learn that people on your team come from a wide range of backgrounds and lifestyles.
D) Your team selects a mascot and comes up with a team song.
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15
The term deindividuation is best defined as a loss of ____ that people sometimes feel in group situations.

A) self-awareness and individual accountability
B) self-esteem
C) morals and ethics
D) sense of time, place, and space
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
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16
As defined in the text, a group is a collection of at least two people who ____.

A) have a common goal
B) are being or doing something together
C) have a common identity
D) think, feel, or act similarly
Unlock Deck
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k this deck
17
As discussed in the text, there are a number of items that make groups feel united. Which of the following is least likely to unite groups?

A) The presence of an outgroup
B) Shared emotional experiences
C) A group name or uniform
D) Diversity of opinion
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18
As discussed in the text, when a group experiences a shared emotional experience (whether positive or negative), they tend to feel ____. When they are given a name or uniform that identifies them as a group, they tend to feel ____.

A) more united; more united as well
B) more united; neither more united nor less united
C) neither more united nor less united; more united
D) neither more united nor less united; neither more united nor less united.
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19
As discussed in the text, human groups are ____.

A) social but not cultural
B) cultural but not social
C) both social and cultural
D) neither social nor cultural
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20
Research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

A) diverse groups suffer from poor communication and are less creative and flexible than homogeneous groups
B) diverse groups are more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, and tend to perform better than other groups
C) diverse groups are capable of being more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, but tend to suffer from poor communication and perform worse than other groups
D) diverse groups are far more communicative with one another than homogeneous groups, but tend to be less creative and flexible
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21
Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to concern about how others are evaluating your performance.

A) self-monitoring
B) evaluation apprehension
C) social evaluation
D) self-referencing
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22
Many modern offices have open, public shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This office style works best if the employees are working on ____.

A) simple tasks that they have performed many times
B) simple but novel tasks
C) complex tasks that they have performed many times
D) complex and novel tasks
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23
In the language of social facilitation theory, the so-called dominant response is ____.

A) the response that is most common for a given person in a given situation
B) the response that is most common among most people in most situations
C) the response that is most socially valued within a given situation
D) an aggressive response
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24
After decades of research on the effect that others have on task performance, social psychologists have concluded that the presence of others ____.

A) almost always improves performance, because it stimulates competition
B) almost always hinders performance, because it elicits evaluation apprehension
C) has mixed effects, because it elicits evaluation apprehension
D) has mixed effects, because it elicits a person's dominant response
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25
Similarity is important to membership in a human cultural group because it ____.

A) cements one's allegiance to the group
B) promotes physical well-being of group members
C) increases information sharing within the group
D) promotes diversity within the group
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26
Based on research on social facilitation, we should expect that-all else being equal-children who work on a set of easy puzzles alone will ____ than children who work on the same puzzles side by side in a big group of other children.

A) work more slowly
B) work more quickly
C) second-guess themselves less
D) second-guess themselves more
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27
In one of the earliest social psychological experiments to be conducted, Norman Triplett examined the records of teams of cyclists. He found that cyclists who raced against each other ____ than those who raced alone (against the clock).

A) were more aggressive after the race
B) got into more accidents
C) cycled more quickly
D) enjoyed the race less
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28
Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to suffer most?

A) Tom, a copy machine operator
B) Suzanne, an analyst
C) Moe, a typist
D) Ursula, a janitor
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k this deck
29
Belonging to a human cultural group has two competing demands. They are ____.

A) similarity and uniqueness
B) happiness and sadness
C) approach and avoidance
D) religion and secularism
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30
Rohit is a very good golfer when he is alone, and an excellent golfer when he is with others. In the language of social facilitation theory, playing golf well appears to be a(n) ____ for Rohit.

A) central response
B) dominant response
C) default response
D) optimally distinctive response
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31
Humans need to find uniqueness within the context of their group memberships. What structural elements of groups help humans do this?

A) roles
B) norms
C) communication patterns
D) membership applications
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32
Social facilitation theory suggests that tasks like walking, brushing one's teeth, or counting will be ____ by the presence of others. It also suggests that tasks like solving a difficult math problem or crossword puzzle will be ____ by the presence of others.

A) unaffected; enhanced
B) enhanced; enhanced as well
C) enhanced; unaffected
D) enhanced; hindered
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33
Based on early research by Norman Triplett with racing cyclists, we should expect that people who exercise for half an hour on rowing machines at a gym, among other people, would be more likely to ____ than people who exercise for half an hour on a rowing machine in the privacy of their home.

A) burn more calories
B) burn less calories
C) feel a sense of accomplishment
D) feel a sense of failure
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34
Research on social facilitation would suggest that, in general, runners would ____ when running alongside others as opposed to running alone.

A) run faster
B) run slower
C) be more likely to fall
D) be more likely to injure themselves
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k this deck
35
While many modern offices make use of open shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices), this office style can hinder productivity. Indeed, this office style is likely to be particularly detrimental for employees who work on ____.

A) simple tasks that they have performed many times
B) simple but novel tasks
C) complex tasks that they have performed many times
D) complex, novel tasks
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Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
36
Cockroaches completed simple mazes more quickly when they ran in the presence of other cockroaches (as opposed to alone), and completed complex mazes more quickly when they ran alone (as opposed to in a group). This finding illustrates that, even among cockroaches, ____.

A) social facilitation happens for dominant responses
B) both social facilitation and social inhibition can happen for dominant responses
C) social facilitation happens for non-dominant responses
D) both social facilitation and social inhibition can happen for non-dominant responses
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37
In his early social psychological research regarding bicyclists and racing performance, Norman Triplett's initial interpretation of his finding was that the presence of others stimulated a ____.

A) competitive instinct
B) desire for social approval
C) willingness to sacrifice for the greater good
D) person's dominant response
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38
Which of the following is the most accurate summary of social facilitation theory?

A) The presence of others increases the dominant response tendency.
B) The presence of others elicits evaluation apprehension.
C) The presence of others improves task performance.
D) The presence of others leads to competition.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
39
According to social facilitation theory, for most people, task performance for tasks such as ____ should be enhanced by the presence of others, while task performance for tasks such as ____ should be hindered by the presence of others.

A) washing dishes; walking
B) solving a difficult math problem; walking
C) solving a difficult math problem; washing dishes
D) washing dishes; solving a difficult math problem
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40
According to social facilitation theory, task performance is sometimes enhanced by the presence of others and sometimes hurt by the presence of others. Generally speaking, this depends upon ____.

A) whether the task at hand is easy or hard.
B) whether or not the others who are present are engaged in the same task.
C) whether the person is an introvert or an extrovert.
D) whether or not the others who are present are members of a social ingroup.
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k this deck
41
Early research in social psychology conducted by Max Ringlemann revealed that people ____ when they work as part of a group (e.g., pushing a car off of the road with two other people) compared to when they work alone at the same task.

A) do not work as hard
B) work harder
C) feel like they are doing more work
D) feel like they are doing less work
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k this deck
42
Given Max Ringlemann's early research looking at group size and individual effort, should we expect Student X to put in a different amount of effort depending on whether she worked on a history project in a five-person group or a two-person group?

A) Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the five-person group.
B) Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the two-person group.
C) No, we should expect her to work equally hard in both groups.
D) This is impossible to determine; it appears that there are no predictable patterns regarding group size and individual effort.
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k this deck
43
Jane joined a sorority her freshman year of college and moved into the house her sophomore year. She had never engaged in binge eating before moving into the sorority. After the end of her sophomore year of living in the house, she is most likely to ____.

A) still refrain from binge eating
B) engage in extreme binge eating
C) engage in limited binge eating
D) engage in the level of binge eating that most of her sorority sisters do
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44
Jonah is really worried about playing the piano at his recital in front of his girlfriend, who has expressed a desire to be at the recital. Jonah keeps thinking about her instead of concentrating on playing his music. Which of the three processes that influences social facilitation does this scenario most emphasize?

A) evaluation apprehension
B) distraction
C) bodily arousal
D) social loafing
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Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
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45
We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

A) people are held accountable for their inputs
B) people are anonymous within the group
C) the task at hand is unimportant to people
D) people think that others in the group are superior to them in terms of the task at hand
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
46
Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to benefit most?

A) Tom, a copy machine operator
B) Suzanne, an analyst
C) Mike, an attorney
D) Irene, a customer service specialist
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
47
We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

A) people are not held accountable for their inputs
B) people are anonymous within the group
C) the task at hand is important to people
D) people think that others in the group are superior to them in terms of the task at hand
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Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
48
Suppose that four students are working on a group project regarding the Cultural Revolution in China. Who is most likely to engage in social loafing?

A) Tom, an older student who is the only group member to have actually lived in China during the Cultural Revolution
B) Gina, an East Asian Studies major who is obsessed with having a perfect GPA
C) Priscilla, who is convinced that most of the other group members are incompetent
D) Frank, who is certain that he will get an "A" in the class no matter how he performs on the group project
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
49
People tend to reduce effort when working in a group as opposed to when working alone. This phenomenon is known as ____.

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) the bad apple effect
D) social loafing
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
50
Patterns of binge eating were rarely noted prior to ____.

A) 1960
B) 1975
C) 1980
D) 1990
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
51
Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes upon which social facilitation depends?

A) evaluation apprehension
B) distraction
C) bodily arousal
D) social loafing
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52
Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, wherein you are required to put together a presentation on Impressionist art. You are least likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

A) the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B) there are a number of Art History majors in the group (and you're not one of them)
C) the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D) the presentation is a very small part of the course grade
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53
The term "free rider problem" is sometimes used to refer to ____.

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) the bad apple effect
D) social loafing
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54
Suppose that you own a rowboat and sometimes go rowing in the summer. In June, you are planning to go rowing with two of your friends (three people total in the boat), and in July, you are planning to go rowing with just one friend (two people total in the boat). Will you put in more effort (row harder) on the three-person trip or on the two-person trip?

A) You will put in more effort on the three-person trip.
B) You will put in more effort on the two-person trip.
C) You will put in the same amount of effort on both trips.
D) It is impossible to say-no research has examined this question.
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55
Binge eating is defined by ____.

A) eating until you feel full
B) alternating periods of uncontrolled eating and severe restraint
C) restricting caloric intake to starvation levels
D) eating past when you feel full
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Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
56
As defined in the text, narcissists are ____.

A) people who regard themselves as better than others and are constantly trying to win the admiration of others
B) people who have a total disregard for ethics and morality
C) essentially the same as people with healthy levels of self-esteem
D) people who overvalue superficial qualities (e.g., physical attractiveness) and undervalue deeper qualities (e.g., loyalty)
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57
Of the following people, who will be most inspired to perform well simply because others are watching?

A) Jacob, who has low self-esteem
B) Antione, who has high self-esteem
C) Chris, who is a narcissist
D) Luke, who is high in self-efficacy
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58
Social loafing is also known as the ____.

A) free rider problem
B) bad apple effect
C) bait and switch technique
D) narcissism effect
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59
Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, where you are required to put together a presentation on Islamic artists. You are most likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

A) the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B) no one in your group knows anything about Islamic art
C) the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D) the presentation is a very large part of the course grade
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Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
60
Research on college sororities has found that ____.

A) binge eating leads to social exclusion
B) binge eating levels depend mostly on geographic region
C) binge eating patterns seem to be contagious
D) binge eating occurs among the most isolated sorority members
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Unlock for access to all 179 flashcards in this deck.
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61
The so-called commons dilemma involves two kinds of conflicts: one concerning ____ and one concerning ____.

A) self-interest; time
B) communication; self-esteem
C) accountability; self-awareness
D) norms; self-esteem
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62
Altruistic punishment is BEST described as ____.

A) punishing others for their own good
B) punishing others for their own good-and making sacrifices in order to do so
C) punishing those who cheat the system
D) punishing those who cheat the system-and making sacrifices in order to do so
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63
Which of the following is FALSE regarding altruistic punishment?

A) It involves punishing oneself.
B) Its goal is improving the common good.
C) It involves self-sacrifice.
D) It is concerned with punishing free riders and system cheaters.
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64
Research indicates that if eight people work jointly in a brainstorming session, they are likely to come up with ____ eight people working independently.

A) fewer ideas than
B) about the same number of ideas as
C) just a few more ideas than
D) significantly more ideas than
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65
It would be most accurate to say that the results of deindividuation are ___.

A) almost always negative
B) almost always positive
C) somewhat violent
D) somewhat erratic
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66
When people are in a group situation in which they feel deindividuated, they are most likely to behave badly when ____.

A) they are highly self-aware
B) they are anonymous to one another
C) they are focused outward, on what others are thinking about them
D) they feel anonymous to outsiders who may be watching them
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67
People are more likely to engage in the commons dilemma when ____.

A) they do not communicate with others
B) others are behaving well
C) they are held accountable for their behaviors
D) they have a long-term perspective
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68
A traditional economist-who believes that humans always behave in rational, self-interested ways-would be MOST shocked to learn about the human tendency for ____.

A) evaluation apprehension
B) social loafing
C) the bad apple effect
D) altruistic punishment
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69
The commons dilemma refers to the tendency for people to ____.

A) be less likely to assist others in need when many other onlookers are present as opposed to when few or no other onlookers are present
B) waste, deplete, or use in a less-than-optimal way resources that are shared with others rather than private
C) be more likely to behave inappropriately or aggressively when part of a group rather than alone
D) refrain from punishing others who "cheat the system" for fear that they will be suffer some negative result
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70
People sometimes punish those who cheat the system, even when they need to make sacrifices or suffer losses to do so. According to the text, this phenomenon is known as ____.

A) the bad apple effect
B) altruistic punishment
C) Vladimir's choice
D) the vigilante correction
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71
People are least likely to overharvest resources in the commons dilemma when ____.

A) they communicate with others
B) others are behaving badly
C) they are anonymous
D) they are highly self-interested
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72
The idea that one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well is known as ____.

A) social facilitation
B) evaluation apprehension
C) the free rider problem
D) the bad apple effect
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73
____ is the tendency for shared or jointly owned resources to be squandered and not used in an optimal or advantageous fashion.

A) The resource trap
B) Social loafing
C) The commons dilemma
D) The bad apple effect
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74
____ is a form of creative thinking in groups, using a procedure in which all group members are encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible.

A) T-grouping
B) Brainstorming
C) Open ideation
D) The commons dilemma
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75
The fact that humans engage in altruistic punishment fits one of the themes of the text, namely that ____.

A) natural selection has favored humans who are able to participate in a cultural society
B) cultural animals copy things that they see others doing
C) humans process information using the duplex mind
D) humans are born with access to a "collective unconscious"
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76
Given existing research on individualism versus collectivism, what kinds of differences (if any) should we expect between individualists and collectivists in terms of social loafing?

A) Collectivists are likely to loaf more than individualists.
B) Collectivists are likely to loaf less than individualists.
C) Collectivists are likely to be more tolerant of loafing than individualists.
D) Collectivists are likely to loaf in small groups as well as large groups, while individualists are likely to loaf in large groups only.
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77
The so-called bad apple effect refers to the idea that ____.

A) at least one person in every social group tends to loaf
B) one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well
C) people are more prone to copy negative behaviors than positive behaviors
D) it is not always easy to tell at a distance who is loafing and who is not
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78
Your boss at work has asked you and three other employees to come up with some fundraising ideas. "Just put your heads together, speak freely among yourselves, and think up as many ideas as you can," she says. She is asking you to engage in ____.

A) a commons dilemma
B) brainstorming
C) negotiation
D) concessions
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79
Even though Joey suffered because of it-his peers at school teased him for months-he filed a report with the principal's office when he heard that two of the popular kids at school had cheated on a big exam. Joey filed the report for everyone's good. Social psychologists would say that in reporting the students Joey engaged in ____.

A) the commons dilemma
B) altruistic punishment
C) self-censorship
D) the risky shift
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80
Research on deindividuation and mob violence indicates that the level of ____ is the single biggest factor in predicting aggression.

A) accountability
B) anonymity
C) self-awareness
D) self-esteem
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Unlock Deck
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