Deck 6: Emotion and Affect

Question 1

Tammy is very upset because she received a poor grade on a big English assignment. It would be most accurate to say that Tammy is experiencing a(n) ____.

A) emotion
B) affect
C) mood
D) attitude

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following theories of emotion inspired the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) The Cannon-Bard theory
B) The James-Lange theory
C) The Schachter-Singer theory
D) The excitation transfer theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In social psychology, a feeling state that is not linked to any particular event is known as a(n) ____.

A) mood
B) emotion
C) affect
D) response

Answer 3

A

Question 4

People typically tend to form affects ____.

A) within a few microseconds
B) within a few seconds or minutes
C) after a few days or weeks of being exposed to someone or something
D) across a span of several years

Question 5

Madge woke up this morning feeling grouchy and annoyed. When asked why she is feeling this way, she can't seem to come up with any particular reason. It would be most accurate to say that she is experiencing a(n) ____.

A) affect
B) emotion
C) mood
D) attitude

Question 6

Within social psychological research on emotion, the term "arousal" is used to refer to ____.

A) the physiological reaction linked to most emotions
B) any positive emotion
C) any physiological response that prepares the person for sexual activity
D) attraction

Question 7

Most researchers describe affect as ____.

A) occurring along a single dimension, ranging from negative to positive
B) occurring along a single dimension, ranging from weak to strong
C) occurring along two separate dimensions - negative and positive
D) occurring along two separate dimensions - weak and strong

Question 8

According to the text, an affect is different than an emotion in that an affect is ____ while an emotion is ____.

A) a feeling state that is not linked to a particular event; a conscious evaluative reaction to some event
B) an automatic response that something is good or bad; a feeling state that is not linked to a particular event
C) an automatic response that something is good or bad; a conscious evaluative reaction to some event
D) a conscious evaluative reaction to some event; an automatic response that something is good or bad

Question 9

When social psychologists talk about quick and automatic reactions that are simply positive or negative (as opposed to being full-blown, complex feelings), they are talking about ____.

A) moods
B) emotions
C) affects
D) drives

Question 10

In the opening of this chapter, two men's reactions to spam e-mail were described. The fact that neither of the men were able to shrug off their annoyance to the spam illustrates the fact that ____.

A) emotion is largely consciously controlled
B) emotion is largely outside conscious awareness
C) emotion is a positive coping skill
D) emotion is a negative coping skill

Question 11

A physiological reaction that entails a quickened heartbeat and more labored breathing would most likely be linked to ____.

A) control
B) arousal
C) drive
D) motivation

Question 12

The James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial feedback hypothesis are similar in that they both suggest that, in emotional situations, ____.

A) our physiological responses and reactions precede and help drive our conscious emotional experiences
B) our conscious emotional experiences precede and help drive our physiological responses and reactions
C) we label our emotions-decide what emotion it is we are feeling-by looking to the outside world
D) we label our emotions-decide what emotion it is we are feeling-by consciously assessing the situation

Question 13

Salespeople who force themselves to smile at customers all day may actually end up feeling relatively happy. This effect can be best explained by ____.

A) the facial feedback hypothesis
B) excitation transfer theory
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law
D) catharsis theory

Question 14

Alice was attacked by a pig when she was a child, and developed a strong phobia of pigs. Whenever she sees a pig-whether on a farm, in a zoo, or even in a movie-she has a strong and immediate automatic reaction. This reaction is best classified as a(n) ____.

A) emotion
B) affect
C) mood
D) attitude

Question 15

Emotions are both positive and negative. Once people experience both types of emotion, they generally try to orchestrate their lives to maximize the experience of positive emotion and minimize the experience of negative emotion. This pattern illustrates that emotions provide ____.

A) a feedback system
B) enrichment to life
C) the intent for criminal behavior
D) a motive for creative behavior

Question 16

Consider the following quote: "... we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble...". With which of the following theories is this MOST consistent?

A) The Cannon-Bard theory
B) The James-Lange theory
C) The Schachter-Singer theory
D) The excitation transfer theory

Question 17

Affective reactions differ from emotions in a number of ways. For example, affective reactions tend to ____.

A) occur more automatically
B) involve a stronger behavioral component
C) be more likely to relate to particular events
D) be more complex

Question 18

According to the textbook, an affect is ____.

A) a feeling state that is not linked to a particular event
B) a largely automatic response that something is good or bad
C) a conscious evaluative reaction to some event
D) a judgment containing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components

Question 19

According to the text, emotions are ____, whereas moods are ____.

A) linked to particular events; not linked to particular events
B) not linked to particular events; linked to particular events
C) automatic responses; conscious evaluations
D) conscious evaluations; automatic responses

Question 20

The so-called "facial feedback hypothesis" refers to the idea that

A) facial expressions seem to have evolved in order for humans to better communicate feelings to one another.
B) we get information about what other people are feeling via their facial expressions.
C) others' emotional facial expressions can actually evoke or heighten our own emotional experiences.
D) feedback from our own facial muscles can actually evoke or heighten our own emotional experiences.

Question 21

Some have suggested that, if you want a date to develop strong emotions toward you, it is a good idea to take him or her to a place that will be physiologically arousing-such as a horror movie or roller coaster. This idea is consistent with research on ____.

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law
B) sham
C) catharsis
D) excitation transfer

Question 22

Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that people may sometimes mislabel, or relabel, their arousal as one emotion versus another?

A) The James-Lange theory
B) The Cannon-Bard theory
C) The Schachter-Singer theory
D) The Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 23

Which of the following areas of the brain is central to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A) The cerebellum
B) The medulla
C) The thalamus
D) The frontal lobes

Question 24

According to the ____ theory of emotion, when people are presented with stimuli that trigger emotions, the thalamus in the brain sends two messages at the same time: one message that produces a conscious emotional experience and one message that produces a physiological response.

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter and Singer
D) excitation transfer

Question 25

Art has just been on a long run at the beach with his dog. When he arrives home he is still breathing hard and his heart is still racing; he is physiologically highly aroused. When a neighbor bumps into him in the hallway, Art completely freaks out and verbally attacks the neighbor. He demands: "Did you just push me? Do you have a problem, man?" It looks like Art may have misattributed his arousal (from his run to his neighbor). That is, Art's behavior illustrates ____.

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law
B) sham
C) catharsis
D) excitation transfer

Question 26

Having Botox injections to one's face will ____ one's ability to understand other's emotions.

A) have no impact on
B) improve
C) decrease
D) initially improve, but later decrease

Question 27

Is the physiological arousal that people have when they are emotional actually the same for all emotions? Current research suggests that ____.

A) there is indeed just one basic form of arousal, though it has degrees of intensity
B) there are at least two basic arousal states-one pleasant and the other unpleasant
C) there are approximately seven basic forms of arousal, which match up to the seven basic emotions that have been identified
D) there are in fact many (a seemingly infinite number of) distinct forms of arousal

Question 28

Research indicates that when heterosexual men watch films of homosexual men having sex with each other, the heterosexual men who are most homophobic ____.

A) report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, and show less genital arousal than other people
B) report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, but actually show more genital arousal than other people
C) report that they are actually as tolerant of the films as other people, but show less genital arousal than other people
D) report that they are actually as tolerant of the films as other people, and also show more genital arousal than other people

Question 29

Someone might be a happy person because he enjoys many positive emotional experiences, or because she hardly ever feels bad emotions. What do social psychologists use to measure this level of happiness?

A) emotional intelligence (EQ)
B) affect balance
C) positive emotion index (PEI)
D) life satisfaction

Question 30

The basic arousal states are ____.

A) aroused, relaxed, and ready
B) sleep and wakefulness
C) anger, joy, contentment, and pain
D) pleasant and unpleasant

Question 31

When women with high levels of sex guilt watch erotic films, they tend to ____.

A) report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, and show less genital arousal than other people
B) report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, but actually show more genital arousal than other people
C) report that they are as tolerant of the films as other people, but actually show less genital arousal than other people
D) report that they are as tolerant of the films as other people, and also show more genital arousal than other people

Question 32

The area of the brain known as the thalamus is central to the ____ theory of emotion.

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter and Singer
D) excitation transfer

Question 33

A famous study conducted by social psychologists Aron and Dutton, found that a female experimenter was most likely to be called by participants after they had walked across a scary, narrow bridge as opposed to after they had walked across a normal, stable bridge. This finding can be most easily explained by ____.

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law
B) sham
C) catharsis
D) excitation transfer

Question 34

Research on sexual arousal indicates that the link between (a) self-reported sexual arousal and (b) physiological measures of arousal in the genitals is ____.

A) stronger among men than among women
B) stronger among women than among men
C) stronger among people who are generally highly emotional than among people who are generally unemotional-regardless of gender
D) stronger among people who are (at that moment) highly emotional than among people who are (at that moment) unemotional-regardless of gender

Question 35

Research suggests that neutral forms of arousal (e.g., arousal induced by caffeine) can generally be converted-via misattribution-into ____.

A) negative emotions but not positive emotions.
B) positive emotions but not negative emotions.
C) either positive emotions or negative emotions.
D) other neutral states only (e.g., excitement)-and not positive or negative emotions.

Question 36

In a well-known study conducted by Schachter and Singer, wherein participants were injected either with a stimulant or a placebo and were then exposed to a highly emotional stimulus, it was found that participants showed the strongest emotional reactions when ____.

A) they were injected with a stimulant (and knew it)
B) they were injected with a stimulant (but didn't know it)
C) they were injected with a placebo (and knew it)
D) they were injected with a placebo (but didn't know it)

Question 37

How many basic arousal states are there?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 38

The term "affect balance" refers to ____.

A) the degree to which a person's affects are stable, or consistent, across time.
B) the degree to which a person's affects are stable, or consistent, across situations.
C) the frequency of one's positive emotions minus the frequency of one's negative emotions.
D) the average level of (positive) emotion experienced by a group or society.

Question 39

Suppose that you are feeling a positive emotion such as "relief" (e.g., you thought your wallet had been stolen, but realized it wasn't) or "joy" (e.g., you just heard that your older sister had a baby). Would it be possible for that emotion to be converted into another emotion via excitation transfer?

A) No, once a full-blown emotion has "registered," it cannot be converted into another emotion.
B) Yes, although typically (once a positive emotion has already been "registered") it could only be converted into another positive emotion.
C) Yes, although typically (once a positive emotion has already been "registered") it could only be converted into a negative emotion.
D) Yes, it could be converted into another positive emotion or (just as easily) into a negative emotion.

Question 40

Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that excitation transfer may sometimes happen?

A) The James-Lange theory
B) The Cannon-Bard theory
C) The Schachter-Singer theory
D) The Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 41

Which statement is most accurate regarding the happiness levels of parents?

A) Having children increases happiness in parents.
B) Having children makes life richer and more meaningful.
C) Having children has resulted in reduced happiness levels in parents throughout history.
D) Having children decreases the belief that one will be happier as a parent, but in fact, happiness levels do increase.

Question 42

Scores on the AIM instrument tell us ____.

A) how precise an emotional experience is for a person
B) the source of emotional experience in individuals
C) how intense an emotional experience is for a person
D) the relative balance of good versus bad emotion in a person's life

Question 43

Research on "positive psychology" indicates that you may be able to increase your overall level of happiness if you sit down once or twice a week and make a list of ____.

A) all the good things that have happened to you
B) all the ways that you are better than other people
C) all the bad things that have happened to other people
D) all the good things you have done for other people

Question 44

Which of the following items would be most likely to be found on the AIM instrument?

A) When I am nervous, I get shaky all over.
B) I feel guilty sometimes.
C) I feel happier when I smile.
D) I am generally satisfied with my life.

Question 45

Research on the so-called "hedonic treadmill" would predict that people who have received life sentences to prison would ____.

A) tend to show more excitation transfer of emotions as time went on
B) tend to avoid affective forecasting
C) become more and more devastated by their sentencing as time went on
D) be devastated by their sentencing, but return to nearly pre-prison levels of happiness within a few years

Question 46

As discussed in the text, one study conducted in 2001 examined short biographies that were written by nuns in 1930. The study found that the nuns who ____ in the biographies had lived about 10 years longer than the nuns who didn't.

A) focused on their adult lives rather than their childhoods
B) expressed high commitment to being a nun
C) focused on other people (rather than themselves)
D) expressed high positive emotions

Question 47

The idea that people maintain relatively constant levels of happiness or unhappiness-regardless of what happens to them-has been referred to as ____.

A) the hedonic treadmill
B) the broaden-and-build theory
C) emotional intelligence (EQ)
D) personal affective index

Question 48

Overall happiness tends to ____.

A) be most dependent on objective factors
B) remain the same over time
C) be governed largely by our circumstances
D) vary widely during the course of one's lifetime

Question 49

What role does culture play in parenting and happiness?

A) Most cultures are more concerned with the happiness of parents than the survival of their children.
B) Most cultures help promote the idea (even when false) that having
Children will make you happy.
C) All successful cultures encourage birth control and deliberate processing before having children.
D) Very few cultures glorify parenthood; instead, most tend to disapprove of those who reproduce.

Question 50

The most complex form of happiness is ____.

A) emotional intelligence (EQ)
B) affect balance
C) positive emotion index (PEI)
D) life satisfaction

Question 51

The factor that appears to be most strongly related to happiness is ____.

A) one's physical health or well-being
B) whether one is alone in the world or has social connections
C) the economic condition of one's country or society
D) one's own economic condition

Question 52

Research on the objective and subjective predictors of happiness indicates that ____ has only a weak relationship to happiness, but ____ is a strong predictor of happiness.

A) how often you get sick; how often people around you get sick
B) how often you get sick; how satisfied you are with your health
C) how often people around you get sick; how often you get sick
D) how satisfied you are with your health; how often you get sick

Question 53

Research on the link between happiness and health demonstrates that ____.

A) there is actually a weak link here, and it is not clear what causes what
B) there is actually a weak link here, though it appears that health drives happiness (rather than happiness driving health)
C) there is a strong link here, although it is not clear what causes what
D) there is a strong link here, and it appears that health drives happiness (rather than happiness driving health)

Question 54

Research on marriage, parenting, and happiness suggests that one of the happiest times in people's lives, especially for women, is the ____.

A) interval between the day one is engaged and the day one is married
B) interval between the day one is married and the day one's first child is born
C) first year after one's first child is born
D) first year after one's children have grown up and left the parents' house

Question 55

Lottery winners are no happier than anyone else a year after their big win. Similarly, people who have experienced serious physical injuries seem to "get over it" fairly well across time and return to their pre-injury level of happiness. These findings are consistent with research on ____.

A) the hedonic treadmill
B) the broaden-and-build theory
C) emotional intelligence (EQ)
D) personal affective indices

Question 56

Research on happiness and parenting indicates that couples who have children are _____ than couples who do not have children, although _____.

A) happier, this finding is not consistent.
B) happier, this may be a modern phenomenon.
C) less happy, this finding is not consistent.
D) less happy, this may be a modern phenomenon.

Question 57

Research on happiness and parenting indicates that couples who have children are ____ than couples who do not have children, although ____.

A) happier; this finding is not consistent
B) happier; people expect that having children will make them less happy
C) less happy; this finding is not consistent
D) less happy; people expect that having children will make them happier

Question 58

The following people have scored high on the AIM. Taking this score into account, which one would most likely have the highest quality of life?

A) Jody, who has a relatively "easy" life with lots of good experiences
B) Jim, who has a relatively "difficult" life with lots of stressors
C) Janna, whose life is a balance between good and bad experiences
D) Jarboe, who is low on life satisfaction

Question 59

Of the factors listed below, the strongest predictor of a person's happiness is ____.

A) one's income (relative to the average income for his/her demographic)
B) the number of blood relatives with whom a person regularly communicates
C) one's level of physical health
D) how happy the person was 10 years earlier

Question 60

Research on the so-called "hedonic treadmill" has shown that both state lottery winners and paralysis victims ____, although paralysis victims ____.

A) "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness more quickly than might be expected; do not recover as quickly
B) "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness more quickly than might be expected; actually recover even more quickly
C) take longer to "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness than might be expected; take an especially long time to recover
D) take longer to "get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness than might be expected; actually recover more quickly

Question 61

In what way is anger different from contempt?

A) Anger is a more pleasant state of arousal.
B) Contempt is a more pleasant state of arousal.
C) Anger tends to motivate more approach behavior with attempts to create change.
D) Contempt tends to motivate more approach behavior with attempts to create change.

Question 62

Research on the emotions of guilt and shame suggests that, while guilt is usually ____ shame is usually ____.

A) automatic; conscious
B) conscious; automatic
C) constructive; destructive
D) destructive; constructive

Question 63

Compared to people who are sad or afraid, people who are happy or angry tend to ____.

A) take fewer risks
B) be more confident and optimistic
C) be less likely to take a stand for what they believe in
D) be better able to concentrate on information that is presented to them

Question 64

When a person feels badly because he or she has survived a situation that has caused much suffering to others, then the person is said to be feeling ____.

A) schadenfreude
B) survivor guilt
C) shame
D) catharsis

Question 65

Suppose that Natalie and her boyfriend just got into a huge argument, and Natalie went to the gym and punched a punching bag (imagining the whole time that the punching bag was her boyfriend), hoping to "let off some steam." How much will this approach help?

A) It will only help to reduce her anger if she really believes in the value of venting and catharsis.
B) It will only help to reduce her anger if she enjoys the venting and gets some satisfaction from it.
C) It will only help to reduce her anger if she really believes in the value of venting and catharsis AND if she enjoys the venting and gets some satisfaction from it.
D) It will not help to reduce her anger regardless of whether she believes in the value of venting and catharsis AND regardless of whether she enjoys the venting and gets some satisfaction from it.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of a low arousal and pleasant emotion?

A) Frustration
B) Tiredness
C) Relaxation
D) Astonishment

Question 67

An angry person is not likely to ___.

A) take more risks
B) feel more optimistic
C) take a stand for what they believe in
D) review information more thoroughly before acting on it

Question 68

Research on guilt indicates that people mainly feel guilt about ____.

A) things they have done to themselves
B) things they have done to people with whom they are close
C) things they have done to acquaintances or strangers
D) things people have done to them

Question 69

Martin is a very powerful company president. When he conducts a meeting, if he so much as frowns, the other people in the room behave so as to stop the potential conflict they see coming based on that frown. This reaction to Martin's anger illustrates the_____aspect of anger.

A) action-motivating
B) conflict-defusing
C) impulsive
D) aggressive

Question 70

Joe's entire neighborhood was hit by a forest fire last year. While nearly all of the houses in the neighborhood were burnt to a crisp, Joe's house was miraculously spared and left fully intact. If Joe was like most people, he would nonetheless feel very badly that he came out of the fire alright while others suffered so much. That is, he would be feeling a form of ____.

A) schadenfreude
B) survivor guilt
C) shame
D) catharsis

Question 71

Research on repressing versus venting anger shows that ____.

A) neither of these actions are associated with heart disease
B) repressing anger is associated with heart disease, while venting anger is not
C) venting anger is associated with heart disease, while repressing anger is not
D) both of these actions are associated with heart disease

Question 72

Research on the value of venting anger and catharsis suggests that ____.

A) counter to most people's intuition, venting anger almost always ends up making people angrier than they were before
B) venting anger only works to reduce anger when people believe in the value of venting
C) venting only works to reduce anger when people enjoy and get satisfaction out of the venting
D) venting anger only works to reduce anger when people believe in the value of venting AND enjoy and get satisfaction out of the venting

Question 73

Routinely repressing, or seeking to conceal, feelings of anger is MOST associated with an increased risk of ____.

A) suicide
B) heart disease
C) depression
D) anxiety disorders

Question 74

Which of the following emotions is most associated with seeking to do good acts, such as apologizing?

A) Shame
B) Guilt
C) Humiliation
D) Anger

Question 75

As discussed in the text, the emotion of anger can best be classified as ____.

A) pleasant and high in arousal
B) pleasant and low in arousal
C) unpleasant and high in arousal
D) unpleasant and low in arousal

Question 76

According to catharsis theory, ____.

A) expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release and is therefore good for the psyche
B) practicing emotional restraint of negative emotions (i.e., holding in negative emotions) can help to dissipate, or reduce, such emotions across time
C) ironically, people tend to feel unpleasant emotions when they have survived a negative experience when others have suffered
D) emotions tend to promote interpersonal ties

Question 77

While guilt might say, ____, shame would say, ____.

A) "I did a bad thing", "I am a bad person"
B) "I am a bad person", "I did a bad thing"
C) "I hate myself", "other people hate me"
D) "other people hate me", "I hate myself"

Question 78

There are three major ways that people deal with anger: They repress it (e.g., by denying their anger), they vent it (e.g., by yelling at someone), or they try to get rid of it (e.g., by relaxing or going for a jog). Which approach is generally most successful at reducing anger?

A) Venting
B) Repressing-although there are long-term costs
C) Getting rid of it
D) Whichever approach the person believes will be most successful

Question 79

Research suggests that when people feel guilt, they usually ____.

A) apologize or seek to make amends
B) withdraw from others or lash out in anger
C) try to repress or avoid the emotion
D) seek to change their social situation or circumstances

Question 80

Rojit is extremely frustrated with his boss, Tony, who has asked him to work over the weekend to complete a big project. Rojit deals with his frustration by sneaking into the departmental lounge and surreptitiously stabbing a Voodoo doll that he has made of Tony. He then returns to his desk. According to research, will this help Rojit relieve his anger?

A) Yes-it should help a little bit no matter what.
B) Yes-although it will only help if Rojit believes it will help.
C) No-it will probably have no impact at all on Rojit's anger.
D) No-in fact, it will probably make Rojit even angrier.