Biochemistry 4th Edition by Reginald Garrett, Charles Grisham

Exercise 8

Determining the electrochemical potential of a membrane sodium ion gradient
Consider a phospholipid vesicle containing 10 mM Na+ ions. The vesicle is bathed in a solution that contains 52 mM Na + ions, and the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane = outside - inside = -30 mV. What is the electrochemical potential at 25°C for Na+ ions