Ecology 5th Edition by Manuel Molles

Exercise 11

Once established, Rio Grande cottonwoods can live to be well over 100 years old. However, they experience very high rates of mortality as seeds, which only germinate in conditions that occur very unpredictably in time and space. Female cottonwood trees produce about 25 million seeds annually and could produce up to 2.5 billion seeds during a lifetime. Which of the life history categories that we've discussed most closely match the life history of the Rio Grande cottonwood?