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Essentials Of Human Disease 2nd Edition by Leonard Crowley
Edition 2ISBN: 978-1449688431Essentials Of Human Disease 2nd Edition by Leonard Crowley
Edition 2ISBN: 978-1449688431 Exercise 1
What are the basic concepts on which the following procedures are based: Pap smear, x-ray examinations, ultrasound, electrocardiogram, and CT scans?
Explanation
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Cytological and histological examinations are useful to detect the abnormal cells, fluids or secretions. For example, Papanicolaou smears (Pap tests) are useful to detect abnormalities in epithelial layer of uterus in early or predispose stages of cancer. The tests can be accomplished by identification of abnormal cells and secretions produced on epithelial surface. The basic concept underlying in Pap smear tests is screening.
X-ray examination is carried out by passing of X-rays through the part of the body to be examined. The rays leaving the body are exposed to X-ray film. The amount of rays absorbed by tissues depends on tissue density that reflects low and high density areas on the X-ray image called radiograph or roentgenogram. Mammogram is X-ray examination of mammary glands to detect tumors.
Ultra sound technique is used for mapping of echoes produced by high frequency sound waves transmitted into the body. The reflected waves are recorded by sensitive detectors that produce the images. Ultra sound scanning is useful to study the uterus during pregnancy and to detect the position of placenta and fetus within the uterus.
The electrical impulses in heart are measured through electrocardiogram or (ECG). This test is useful to identify the disturbances in the heart functions. The heart rhythm or rate of heart beat can be measured through ECG and abnormal impulses can be detected. The heart muscle injury caused during heart attack can be recognized.
Computed tomographic (CT) scan is highly sophisticated X-ray machine producing images of the body in cross section. The rotating X-ray tube provides images in various angles detected by the radiation detectors fed into computers. The image is displayed on the television monitor and can be recorded on a film. The images appear with dense substance as white and light dense substance as dark like that of in an X-ray film. The abnormalities of internal organs that cannot be detected by X-ray examination are detected by CT scan for example; CT scan of the brain can be used to detect the blood clots in the brain.
X-ray examination is carried out by passing of X-rays through the part of the body to be examined. The rays leaving the body are exposed to X-ray film. The amount of rays absorbed by tissues depends on tissue density that reflects low and high density areas on the X-ray image called radiograph or roentgenogram. Mammogram is X-ray examination of mammary glands to detect tumors.
Ultra sound technique is used for mapping of echoes produced by high frequency sound waves transmitted into the body. The reflected waves are recorded by sensitive detectors that produce the images. Ultra sound scanning is useful to study the uterus during pregnancy and to detect the position of placenta and fetus within the uterus.
The electrical impulses in heart are measured through electrocardiogram or (ECG). This test is useful to identify the disturbances in the heart functions. The heart rhythm or rate of heart beat can be measured through ECG and abnormal impulses can be detected. The heart muscle injury caused during heart attack can be recognized.
Computed tomographic (CT) scan is highly sophisticated X-ray machine producing images of the body in cross section. The rotating X-ray tube provides images in various angles detected by the radiation detectors fed into computers. The image is displayed on the television monitor and can be recorded on a film. The images appear with dense substance as white and light dense substance as dark like that of in an X-ray film. The abnormalities of internal organs that cannot be detected by X-ray examination are detected by CT scan for example; CT scan of the brain can be used to detect the blood clots in the brain.
Essentials Of Human Disease 2nd Edition by Leonard Crowley
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