Environmental Science 12th Edition by William Cunningham,Mary Ann Cunningham

Exercise 20

Uncertainty is a key idea in science. We can rarely have absolute proof in experimental results, because our conclusions rest on observations, but we only have a small sample of all possible observations. Because uncertainty is always present, it's useful to describe how much uncertainty you have, relative to what you know. It might seem ironic, but in science, knowing about uncertainty increases our confidence in our conclusions.
The graph at right is from a landmark field study by D. Tilman, et al. It shows change in biomass within, experimental plots containing varying numbers of native prairie plants after a severe drought. Because more than 200 replicate (repeated test) plots were used, this study was able to give an estimate of uncertainty. This uncertainty is shown with error bars. In this graph, dots show means for groups of test plots; the error bars show the range in which that mean could have fallen, if there had been a slightly different set of test plots.
Let's examine the error bars in this graph. To begin, as always, make sure you understand what the axes show. This graph is a relatively complex one, so be patient.

Each dot shows the average species count for a set of test plots with a given number of species. About how many species are in the plots represented by the leftmost dot By the rightmost dot