What Is Life? 2nd Edition by Jay Phelan

Exercise 10

All of the following conditions are necessary for reciprocal altruism to evolve in a species except:
A) the ability to recognize different individuals.
B) the ability to punish cheaters who do not reciprocate.
C) repeated interactions with the same individuals.
D) at least one of the sexes must not disperse so that some individuals always live near their kin.
E) None of the above is necessary for the evolution of reciprocal altruism.