Question 1

John Watson famously argued that newborn babies

Accepted Answer

A)  are incapable of forming memories. 
B)  have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins. 
C)  can be raised to become anything. 
D)  will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences.

Question 2

Which of the following people did NOT play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in the latter part of the twentieth century?

Accepted Answer

A)  Noam Chomsky 
B)  Sir Charles Sherrington 
C)  George A. Miller 
D)  Claude Shannon

Question 3

Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is , in contrast to B. F. Skinner's assertion that languages are .

Accepted Answer

A)  innate ; learned 
B)  learned ; universal 
C)  universal ; rational 
D)  rational ; innate

Question 4

The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her newborn child,

Accepted Answer

A)  she survived an attempted electrocution. 
B)  she escaped and later married Thomas Willis, a famous neurologist. 
C)  she survived an attempted hanging. 
D)  she escaped and later became a famous neurologist.

Question 5

Aside from saving Anne Green's life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also

Accepted Answer

A)  created very accurate drawings of the brain. 
B)  came up with the names of a number of brain structures. 
C)  took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 6

In developing phrenology, Gall's main failure was that

Accepted Answer

A)  he did not seek disconfirming evidence. 
B)  he was not a scientist. 
C)  his method was correlational. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 7

The neuron doctrine is usually credited to , who used a staining technique pioneered by .

Accepted Answer

A)  Purkinje ; Brodmann 
B)  Brodmann ; Purkinje 
C)  Golgi ; Ramón y Cajal 
D)  Ramón y Cajal ; Golgi

Question 8

The view developed by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the neuron doctrine. 
B)  aggregate field theory. 
C)  rationalism. 
D)  the law of effect.

Question 9

Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog's brain. More specifically, they found

Accepted Answer

A)  a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements. 
B)  a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific vocalizations. 
C)  no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements. 
D)  no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific vocalizations.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal reasons that Willis is considered one of the early figures in cognitive neuroscience?

Accepted Answer

A)  he named many brain parts. 
B)  he dissected the brains of criminals within 21 miles of Oxford. 
C)  he was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage. 
D)  he created very accurate brain images.

Question 11

You decide that you want to measure blood flow of the brain. Which of the following methods could you use?

Accepted Answer

A)  listen to the blood flow across veins 
B)  look at red blood cells under a microscope 
C)  measure the amount of iron in the blood 
D)  none of the above

Question 12

Computer axial tomography is to MRI as is to .

Accepted Answer

A)  x-ray ; radio frequencies 
B)  structure ; function 
C)  blood oxygenation ; x-ray 
D)  radiation ; dipoles

Question 13

Gall's method for investigating phrenology was flawed because

Accepted Answer

A)  he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed. 
B)  he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics. 
C)  he ought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed. 
D)  he used his own skull as the base model.

Question 14

Which of the following statements best describes the "neuron doctrine"?

Accepted Answer

A)  The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers. 
B)  The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet functionally interactive. 
C)  The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive. 
D)  The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules.

Question 15

Which of the following methods measures the BOLD signal?

Accepted Answer

A)  magnetic resonance imaging 
B)  functional Magnetic resonance imaging 
C)  computerized axial tomography 
D)  electroencephalogram

Question 16

Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by

Accepted Answer

A)  the structure of their surface convolutions. 
B)  their structure at the cellular level. 
C)  the complex functions they perform. 
D)  the basic functions they perform.

Question 17

Willis is to as is to Broca.

Accepted Answer

A)  Flourens ; Spurzheim. 
B)  Spurzheim ; Flourens. 
C)  Gall ; Dax. 
D)  Dax ; Gall.

Question 18

was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  Broca 
B)  Hughlings Jackson 
C)  Flourens 
D)  Brodmann

Question 19

Paul Broca's first patient Leborgne was able to produce which of the following words?

Accepted Answer

A)  merci 
B)  tan 
C)  trois 
D)  Paris

Question 20

The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between

Accepted Answer

A)  a blood vessel and surrounding neurons. 
B)  two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain. 
C)  two adjacent neurons. 
D)  an axon and the cell body of a neuron.

Exam 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience