Question 1

A problem with tracking people in research for several years is that it is extremely expensive.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

______ design has a pretest and posttest but no comparison group.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonequivalent control group 
B)  Before-and-after 
C)  Ex post facto control group 
D)  True experimental

Question 3

What is an idiographic causal ratinal ? What do these types of ratinals focus on? Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is an idiographic causal ratinal ?...

Question 4

Endogenous change occurs when ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the groups can differ over time because of differential attrition 
B)  natural developments in the subjects, independent of the experimental treatment, account for some or all of the observed change 
C)  subjects who are chosen for a study because of their extreme scores on the dependent variable become less extreme on the posttest due 
D)  something other than the treatment influences outcome scores

Question 5

Lo, Kim, and Cheng (2008) did cross-sectional research in order to determine if certain offenders were more likely to repeat the same crimes or commit different crimes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The only way to reduce the placebo effect in social science research is to treat the comparison group with something similar.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

When a true experimental design is not feasible, researchers may instead use a quasi-experimental design, including ______ designs.

Accepted Answer

A)  equivalent control group 
B)  before only 
C)  ex post facto control group 
D)  survey

Question 8

When the comparison group is in some way affected by, or affects, the treatment group, this has occurred ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  regression effect 
B)  endogenous change 
C)  regression effect. 
D)  contamination

Question 9

A true experiment is an experimental study conducted in a real-world setting.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Carrington and Schulenberg's (2008) study of the effect of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) of 2002 in Canada on police discretion with apprehended young offenders illustrates a(n) ______ design.

Accepted Answer

A)  true experimental 
B)  ex post facto 
C)  time series 
D)  control group

Question 11

Subjects who can be recruited for a laboratory experiment, randomly assigned to a group, and kept under carefully controlled conditions for the study's duration are a representative sample of any large population of interest.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

An explanation for some characteristic, attitude, or behavior of groups, individuals, or other entities (such as families, organizations, or cities) or for events is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the effect 
B)  the cause 
C)  spurious 
D)  a control

Question 13

A technique used in nonexperimental research to reduce the risk of spuriousness is ______ control.

Accepted Answer

A)  repetitive cross-sectional 
B)  time order 
C)  statistical 
D)  event-based design

Question 14

The concrete individual sequence of events, thoughts or actions that result in a particular outcome for a particular individual is a(n) ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  qualitative effectivity 
B)  idiographic causal explanation 
C)  nomothetic causal explanation 
D)  ingrained causal effect

Question 15

______ research can be a very effective tool for exploring the context in which causal effects occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  Idiographic 
B)  Nonexperimental 
C)  Nonequivalent 
D)  Spurious

Question 16

In longitudinal research designs, data are collected at one point in time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 6: Causation and Experimentation

A problem with tracking people in research for several years is that it is extremely expensive.

______ design has a pretest and posttest but no comparison group.

What is an idiographic causal ratinal ? What do these types of ratinals focus on? Provide an example.

Endogenous change occurs when ______.

Lo, Kim, and Cheng (2008) did cross-sectional research in order to determine if certain offenders were more likely to repeat the same crimes or commit different crimes.

The only way to reduce the placebo effect in social science research is to treat the comparison group with something similar.

When a true experimental design is not feasible, researchers may instead use a quasi-experimental design, including ______ designs.

When the comparison group is in some way affected by, or affects, the treatment group, this has occurred ______.

A true experiment is an experimental study conducted in a real-world setting.

Carrington and Schulenberg's (2008) study of the effect of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) of 2002 in Canada on police discretion with apprehended young offenders illustrates a(n) ______ design.

Subjects who can be recruited for a laboratory experiment, randomly assigned to a group, and kept under carefully controlled conditions for the study's duration are a representative sample of any large population of interest.

An explanation for some characteristic, attitude, or behavior of groups, individuals, or other entities (such as families, organizations, or cities) or for events is ______.

A technique used in nonexperimental research to reduce the risk of spuriousness is ______ control.

The concrete individual sequence of events, thoughts or actions that result in a particular outcome for a particular individual is a(n) ______.

______ research can be a very effective tool for exploring the context in which causal effects occur.

In longitudinal research designs, data are collected at one point in time.