Question 1

Two parents nag their child all the time to clean their room. About a month later, the parents notice that the child started tidying up the room to avoid the frequent nagging. This is an example of which type of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment
B)  Positive reinforcement
C)  Negative reinforcement
D)  Extinction C

Question 2

Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss, so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used. She is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning.
B)  shaping.
C)  instinctive drift.
D)  preparedness.
E)  drift theory. A

Question 3

A child is bitten by a German Shepherd when he is young. When he grows up, the child develops a fear of not just German Shepherds, but of all dogs and he refuses to go near them. The fact that this person now avoids all dogs illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment
B)  avoidance learning
C)  stimulus generalization
D)  negative reinforcement C

Question 4

The UCR and CR differ in that the CR is learned and the UCR is unlearned.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced. This animal behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval
B)  fixed ratio
C)  variable interval
D)  variable ratio

Question 6

Advertisers use the principles of classical conditioning to try to sell products. By pairing attractive and famous people, humour, or "warm-fuzzy" family images to products such as cars, food, and even telephone services, advertisers attempt to shift the public's attitude about the product. In these examples, attractive and famous people, humour, and family images are the __________, whereas the product being sold is the ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS; UCS
B)  UCS; CS
C)  CR; UCR
D)  CS; UCR

Question 7

James failed his last midterm, so his parents took away his allowance for a week. His parents are using a form of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement
B)  negative reinforcement
C)  positive punishment
D)  negative punishment
E)  discrimination training

Question 8

What are some examples of discriminative stimuli in your own life?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are some examples of discriminative stimuli...

Question 9

A field of study, which is also known as behaviour modification, that combines a behavioural approach with the scientific method in order to solve individual and societal problems is called

Accepted Answer

A)  constructivism
B)  applied behaviour analysis
C)  psychosocial theory
D)  psychometrics

Question 10

You have just settled down to begin studying for your exam in this course when your roommate decides to turn on some music. At first, the music distracts you from your studying, but after a short time, the music no longer bothers you even though it continues to play. This example most clearly demonstrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction
B)  negative reinforcement
C)  classical conditioning
D)  habituation

Question 11

In operant conditioning, punishment refers to any ____________ that ___________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus; increases
B)  response; increases
C)  consequence; decreases
D)  discrimination; decreases

Question 12

Irinia's dog loves food. Her dog learned to associate the sound of the can opener with being fed long ago, and always gets excited whenever he hears that appliance. Irinia recently bought a new espresso machine that she has started using every morning just before feeding her dog. She's noticed that on the rare occasion when she makes a latte in the afternoon, her dog becomes excited and runs over to the spot he usually gets fed. What concept does this example demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning
B)  discriminatory
C)  higher-order conditioning
D)  persistence
E)  anticipatory hunger

Question 13

A stimulus that is present before a given behaviour has been displayed is a(n) _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcer
B)  antecedent
C)  conditioned response
D)  punishment

Question 14

Simba the cat was lying in the laundry room watching her owner do laundry. Now her owner has gone to the market, and the breeze from an open window has blown the door of the laundry room almost completely closed. Simba has never had to open a door before, but she knows that if she wants to move something, she must use her paw. She is also aware that the door is in her way. Eventually, she sticks her paw into the space under the door and pulls, and the door opens. This sudden perception of a useful relationship that helped Simba solve her problem is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  biological preparedness.
B)  insight.
C)  discrimination.
D)  instinctive drift.
E)  trial and error.

Question 15

Most people like having a job because they receive money for their work. According to conditioning principles, people are actually working for

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcers
B)  chained responses
C)  a post- reinforcement pause
D)  variable schedules
E)  secondary reinforcers

Question 16

You can train a pigeon to peck a key for food, but you cannot train it to bar press. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is difficult to reinforce an eating response in pigeons.
B)  Biological preparedness
C)  Pigeons cannot see very well.
D)  Pigeons habituate to bars.
E)  Pigeons cannot grasp a bar with their feet.

Question 17

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over after 2 min have passed. Then he gives him another treat if he rolls after 1 minute has passed. Next, he gives the dog a treat if he performs the behaviour after 3 minutes have passed. In each case, the dog must perform the roll over before he gets the treat. Jayden is using a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  FR 2 minute schedule
B)  a VR 2 minute schedule
C)  FI 2 minute schedule
D)  VI 2 minute schedule
E)  VI 6 minute schedule

Question 18

Vaughan, Rogers, Singhal, and Swalehe (2000) wanted to see if a radio opera series could change people's attitudes and behaviours regarding risky sex. Explain how this study, described in your textbook, is based on social cognitive learning principles.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Vaughan, Rogers, Singhal, and Swalehe (2000) wanted...

Question 19

If a conditioned stimulus has high stimulus generalization, then it will be triggered by several different stimuli, while if it has high discrimination, it will occur in response to _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a single stimulus
B)  a neutral stimulus
C)  several different stimuli
D)  a discriminative stimulus

Question 20

You are doing some research on place cells and plan to use single-cell recording. What area of the brain will you record from?

Accepted Answer

A)  The frontal lobe
B)  The corpus callosum
C)  The hippocampus
D)  The thalamus
E)  The cerebellum

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience