Question 1

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that

Accepted Answer

A)  Jessica has developed a social smile. 
B)  Jessica's father is her primary caregiver. 
C)  Jessica has developed self-conscious emotions. 
D)  Jessica has a secure attachment to her father. 
E)  Jessica has developed emotional discrimination.

Question 2

Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment. Which accurately reflects their research?

Accepted Answer

A)  The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment. 
B)  They both advanced a constructivist view of attachment. 
C)  They both examined the cultural components of attachment to understand how infants adapt to environmental demands. 
D)  Bowlby focused on the gradual formation of the attachment relationship whereas Harlow believed it was more immediate. 
E)  Harlow focused on human research implications whereas Bowlby focused on evidence from animal studies.

Question 3

The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants

Accepted Answer

A)  can discriminate touch from primary caregiver versus others. 
B)  feel a range of emotions comparable to older children. 
C)  discriminate between pleasant and unpleasant touches. 
D)  can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others. 
E)  adjust their own touch based on other stimuli.

Question 4

Emotions play a vital role in our development by

Accepted Answer

A)  establishing the first phase of attachment formation. 
B)  preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information. 
C)  creating the ability of young children to express ideas and thoughts. 
D)  fostering the ability of children to help interpret and respond to the intentions of others. 
E)  enhancing a child's ability to learn from their environment and adapt to their surroundings.

Question 5

Describe the role of social referencing in the emotional life of a young child.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the role of social referencing in...

Question 6

Ainsworth's experiment of having a researcher assess an infant's exploration of a room, use of the caregiver as a secure base, reactions to the caregiver separation, reactions to the entry of a stranger, the ability to be soothed by the stranger, and reactions to the reunion with the caregiver is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  attachment formation study. 
B)  stranger test. 
C)  novel attachment situation. 
D)  Ainsworth attachment study. 
E)  strange situation.

Question 7

Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reactivity; neuroticism 
B)  surgency; neuroticism 
C)  effortful control; extraversion 
D)  orienting; conscientiousness 
E)  effortful control; conscientiousness

Question 8

Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase the number of hours the infant spends in high quality childcare. 
B)  Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them. 
C)  Tell parents to avoid infant care by multiple caregivers in the first few months to ensure the infant attaches to parents. 
D)  Teach parents to avoid spoiling infants by picking them up as soon as they cry. 
E)  Decrease the number of hours infants spend outside the home environment.

Question 9

The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  constructivist view of attachment. 
B)  ecological theory of attachment. 
C)  biological theory of attachment. 
D)  socio-cultural view of attachment. 
E)  evolutionary view of attachment.

Question 10

Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anger typically decreases in the toddler years, so be patient. 
B)  This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year. 
C)  This is normal as he is now developing basic emotions and is able to express them. 
D)  Expressions of anger at this age may be a sign of poor emotion regulation. 
E)  Expression of anger is one way Samuel's temperament starting to appear.

Question 11

Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver. 
B)  Both display a developmentally expected social smile in response to the caregiver interaction. 
C)  Both display a smile that is likely due to high pitched nature of the singing and not the interaction itself. 
D)  Neither display a social smile as social smiles typically do not appear until after the first year. 
E)  The 3-week-old responds with a social smile while the 5-month-old imitates the other's. response.

Question 12

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?

Accepted Answer

A)  They seek out comfort from mother if a girl, but comfort from father if a boy 
B)  They apply the same gendered pronoun to everyone 
C)  They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys 
D)  They act rough toward peers if a boy but gentle if a girl 
E)  They talk with their parents about the meaning of gender in their friendships

Question 13

What evidence do researchers have that infants and toddlers exhibit prosocial behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What evidence do researchers have that infants...

Question 14

Describe the relations among the subjective self, ecological self, and interpersonal self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the relations among the subjective self,...

Question 15

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Accepted Answer

A)  Josiah is highly upset that his drink spilled. 
B)  Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink. 
C)  Josiah does not understand why the drink spilled. 
D)  Josiah is having difficulty expressing the correct emotion. 
E)  Josiah's emotional regulation is not fully developed.

Question 16

An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the

Accepted Answer

A)  second year. 
B)  sixth month. 
C)  end of the first year. 
D)  first month. 
E)  third year.

Question 17

An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  reflex response test. 
B)  response to caregiver test. 
C)  still-face experiment. 
D)  facial response experiment. 
E)  facial recognition experiment.

Question 18

Describe the concept of the developmental cascades as it applies to social functioning later in childhood.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the concept of the developmental cascades...

Question 19

Parents of 6-month-old Liam are concerned that placing their son in child-care will destroy the bond that has developed. What research-based information could you share to help these parents make an informed decision?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Parents of 6-month-old Liam are concerned that...

Question 20

The concept of goodness of fit

Accepted Answer

A)  describes the importance of a child's emotions matching the current situation. 
B)  explains why some children thrive in particular environments whereas others do not. 
C)  describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment. 
D)  describes the relationship between parent and child. 
E)  explains the adjustments infants make in response to environmental demands.

Exam 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood