Question 1

The Brelands tried to condition pigs to work in show business.This turned out not to be easy as the pigs tended to make instinctual responses as compared to the learned responses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one which you have learned to react is called _______.

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) response generalization 
C) higher-order conditioning 
D) modeling

Question 3

Which is the most important characteristic of a food that is linked to a conditioned taste aversion for birds?

Accepted Answer

A) taste 
B) smell 
C) vision 
D) touch

Question 4

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to ________________.

Accepted Answer

A) cats 
B) rabbits 
C) dogs 
D) pigeons.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) turning off an electric shock 
B) giving a spanking 
C) removing a noxious odor 
D) silencing a banging door

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) taking away a child's favorite toy for hitting another child 
B) removing a penalty you imposed on a child after he began acting better 
C) giving a child a star for telling a lie 
D) giving a child a cookie for cleaning her room

Question 7

Research suggests that delayed reinforcement ____________ .

Accepted Answer

A) is much more effective than immediate reinforcement 
B) is slightly more effective than immediate reinforcement 
C) is equally effective as immediate reinforcement 
D) is less effective than immediate reinforcement

Question 8

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother.He observes his father yell and degrade his mother,and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment.Based on the work of Bandura,what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?

Accepted Answer

A) Michael will probably treat women very well,as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father. 
B) Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect,as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father. 
C) Michael will probably have no relationships with women,as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having. 
D) Michael will always be very distant from his father,as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Question 9

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

Accepted Answer

A) the act of eating breakfast. 
B) the act of eating lunch. 
C) the counting of the number of hours since breakfast. 
D) the watching of the hands of the clock.

Question 10

Generally,it is best to present the CS followed immediately by the US for conditioning to occur.One exception to this rule is illustrated by:

Accepted Answer

A) taste aversions. 
B) conditioning voluntary responses. 
C) tactile aversions. 
D) conditioning eye blink responses.

Question 11

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of white rats,Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________ had occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) behavior modification 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) extinction 
D) stimulus generalization

Question 12

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.

Accepted Answer

A) Watson 
B) Pavlov 
C) Skinner 
D) Thorndike

Question 13

An important discovery stemming from Watson and Rayner's experiment was that:

Accepted Answer

A) phobias can be reversed. 
B) some phobias are more probable due to preparedness. 
C) children experience phobias more often than had previously been thought. 
D) phobias may be explained by using principles of classical conditioning.

Question 14

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6 year old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.The sight of dogs is the:

Accepted Answer

A) UCS. 
B) CS. 
C) UCR. 
D) CR.

Question 15

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called ___________ .

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) response generalization 
C) higher-order conditioning 
D) modeling

Question 16

You move out of your dorm into an apartment shared with three other people.Unlike the shower in the dorm,this shower does not turn cold when the toilet is flushed,and you eventually stop cringing every time you hear the flushing sound.What has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) extinction

Question 17

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk.It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color.This illustrates the concept of _______.

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) discrimination 
C) avoidance training 
D) desensitization

Question 18

New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ .

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) generalization 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) extinction

Question 19

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:

Accepted Answer

A) knowledge. 
B) intelligence. 
C) learning. 
D) performance.

Question 20

A young boy is watching TV.In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child.The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch.Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school,he starts stealing other kids' lunches.According to Bandura's theory of observational learning,his hunger at lunchtime was most related to which factor?

Accepted Answer

A) attention 
B) memory 
C) imitation 
D) motivation

Exam 4: Learning