Deck 9: Memory

Question 1

After learning the web address of a local retail store,Alex was able to remember it only long enough to post it in his frequent contacts file.In this case,the web address was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) echoic
D) long-term

Answer 1

short-term

Question 2

The importance of parallel processing is emphasized by a model of memory known as

A) mnemonics.
B) connectionism.
C) conditioning.
D) the peg-word system.

Answer 2

connectionism.

Question 3

Three basic measures of memory retention are

A) chunking,rehearsing,and semantic processing.
B) encoding,storage,and retrieval.
C) recall,recognition,and relearning.
D) sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.

Answer 3

recall,recognition,and relearning.

Question 4

As compared with long-term memory,short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity.

A) less;more
B) more;less
C) less;less
D) more;more

Question 5

Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions?

A) relearning
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 6

Memory is best defined as

A) the conscious encoding of information.
B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.

Question 7

Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.

A) recall;recognition
B) rehearsal;relearning
C) imagery;mnemonics
D) encoding;storage

Question 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) working
D) implicit

Question 9

The process of getting information into memory is called

A) spacing.
B) chunking.
C) encoding.
D) registering.

Question 10

Which pioneering researcher was the first to make extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

A) George Miller
B) William James
C) Alan Baddeley
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 11

Alan Baddeley's model of working memory includes

A) forming implicit memories of learned motor skills.
B) visual and auditory rehearsal of new information.
C) automatic processing of classically conditioned associations.
D) all of the above processes.

Question 12

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) reconstruction

Question 13

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify suspects from a police lineup.Which test of memory is being used?

A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) reconstruction

Question 14

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the voice quality,lyrics,and musical accompaniment of a memorable vocal performance best illustrates

A) parallel processing.
B) massed practice.
C) automatic processing.
D) distributed practice.

Question 15

Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration?

A) short-term memory
B) explicit memory
C) implicit memory
D) sensory memory

Question 16

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

A) chunking.
B) the peg-word system.
C) rehearsal.
D) implicit memory.

Question 17

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught.Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 18

Information-processing models compare human memory to a

A) battery.
B) flashlight.
C) course syllabus.
D) computer's operation.

Question 19

The process of retrieval refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Question 20

Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires

A) procedural memory.
B) working memory.
C) shallow processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 21

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.

A) echoic
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) iconic

Question 22

Effortful processing is encoding that requires

A) implicit memory.
B) conscious attention.
C) visual imagery.
D) echoic memory.

Question 23

We typically encode explicit memories by means of

A) classical conditioning.
B) effortful processing.
C) sequential processing.
D) automatic processing.

Question 24

Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of

A) encoding.
B) sensory memory.
C) conscious awareness.
D) short-term memory.

Question 25

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model did not consider the formation of

A) short-term memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) long-term memories.

Question 26

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between

A) massed practice and distributed practice.
B) encoding and retrieval.
C) implicit memory and explicit memory.
D) short-term memory and long-term memory.

Question 27

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared,Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) working
C) procedural
D) short-term

Question 28

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space,time,and frequency best illustrates

A) working memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) mnemonics.

Question 29

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second,Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

A) working
B) implicit
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 30

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

A) encoding;retrieval
B) short-term memory;long-term memory
C) the spacing effect;the testing effect
D) explicit memory;implicit memory

Question 31

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

A) procedural memory
B) working memory
C) echoic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 32

Without being aware of it,Kelsey encoded the exact locations on the basketball court from which she had taken each of her many shots during yesterday's tournament game.This best illustrates

A) distributed practice.
B) automatic processing.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) working memory.

Question 33

People can develop classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned.This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) working

Question 34

Iconic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
B) photographic,or picture-image,memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

Question 35

While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed,Megan effortlessly understands almost every word.This ability highlights the importance of

A) echoic memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 36

To remember her way from her new home to her school,Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn.This best illustrates

A) echoic memory.
B) effortful processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) implicit memory.

Question 37

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

A) short-term memory;long-term memory
B) explicit memory;implicit memory
C) visual stimulation;auditory stimulation
D) shallow processing;deep processing

Question 38

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) explicit

Question 39

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle,and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old.When shown a hypodermic needle,however,he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response.Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n)________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 40

During the course of a day,people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events.This best illustrates

A) the spacing effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) procedural memory.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 41

Lynnae's long-term memory of what she reads is improved if she responds to fill-in-the-blank questions after completing sections of her reading assignments.Her experience best illustrates

A) the self-reference effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 42

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants.This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

A) long-term
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 43

The letters Y,M,O,M,R,E are presented.Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 44

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture.But when the professor asked him what she had just said,he was surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words.Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) iconic

Question 45

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 24

Question 46

Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?

A) acronym formation
B) the spacing effect
C) the peg-word system
D) echoic memory

Question 47

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of

A) chunking.
B) encoding.
C) sensory memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 48

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

A) the testing effect.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 49

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) echoic memory.
D) shallow processing.

Question 50

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs,Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house.Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 51

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is best demonstrated by

A) the self-reference effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 52

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

A) chunking.
B) the peg-word system.
C) distributed practice.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 53

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound.This best illustrates the value of

A) iconic memory.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 54

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course.This best illustrates the importance of

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 55

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 56

High intelligence and an ability to maintain one's focus of attention is most closely associated with a high level of

A) sensory-memory capacity.
B) short-term memory capacity.
C) working memory capacity.
D) long-term memory capacity.

Question 57

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called

A) the self-reference effect.
B) chunking.
C) massed practice.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 58

Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called

A) echoic memory.
B) the acronym effect.
C) semantic processing.
D) chunking.

Question 59

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics,Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks.This best illustrates the benefits of

A) implicit memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) hierarchical organization.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 60

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

A) procedural memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) iconic memories.
D) mnemonics.

Question 61

The hippocampus helps process ________ memories for long-term storage.

A) procedural
B) explicit
C) automatic
D) implicit

Question 62

The rear area of the ________,which processes spatial memory,grows bigger the longer a London cab driver has been navigating the maze of city streets.

A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 63

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way to promote

A) implicit memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) iconic memory.
D) deep processing.

Question 64

Memories of newly learned ________ are most likely to be disrupted by damage to the right hippocampus.Memories of newly learned ________ are most likely to be disrupted by damage to the left hippocampus.

A) body coordination skills;classically conditioned fears
B) classically conditioned fears;body coordination skills
C) words;visual designs
D) visual designs;words

Question 65

Following partial recovery from a severe stroke,Mr.Yanagita has learned how to ride a horse.However,he cannot consciously remember that he has learned to do this.It is likely that he has suffered damage to his

A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 66

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

A) essentially limitless.
B) roughly equal to seven units of information.
C) typically much greater in young children than in adults.
D) greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.

Question 67

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala

Question 68

The neural storage of a long-term memory is called

A) context-dependent memory.
B) memory consolidation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.

Question 69

Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test?

A) Does the word consist of three letters?
B) Is the word written in capital letters?
C) Would the word fit in this sentence: "The boy put the ________ on his desk"?
D) Does the word rhyme with den?

Question 70

Psychologist Karl Lashley found that rats retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate a maze after he

A) administered a drug to the rats that prevented LTP.
B) removed small pieces of the rats' cerebral cortex.
C) injected the rats with stress hormones.
D) deprived the rats of any opportunity to sleep.

Question 71

Deep processing of verbal information involves encoding the ________ of words.

A) meanings
B) sounds
C) sizes
D) shapes

Question 72

Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included "ship,effort,professor,and inquire." He later recalled these words as "boat,work,teacher,and question." This best illustrates the impact of

A) shallow processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic processing.

Question 73

Most people misrecall the sentence,"The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the impact of

A) iconic memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) semantic processing.
D) procedural memory.

Question 74

A subregion within the ________ is likely to be especially active when people are learning to associate new friends' names with their faces.

A) cerebellum
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 75

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the

A) hippocampus and basal ganglia.
B) cerebellum and frontal lobes.
C) frontal lobes and hippocampus.
D) basal ganglia and cerebellum.

Question 76

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

A) deep processing.
B) massed practice.
C) implicit memory.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 77

Using your working memory to link an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with the first letter sound required to pronounce the term illustrates

A) shallow processing.
B) the peg-word system.
C) procedural memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 78

Recalling your social security number and holding it in working memory would most clearly require activation of the

A) amygdala.
B) basal ganglia.
C) cerebellum.
D) left frontal lobe.

Question 79

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label their experiences.This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires

A) massed practice.
B) shallow processing.
C) parallel processing.
D) semantic processing.

Question 80

Recalling a visual scene of last month's party and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right cerebellum.
D) left cerebellum.