Deck 22: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following are NOT direct targets of anterior pituitary hormones?

A) mammary glands
B) kidneys
C) thyroid gland
D) adrenal cortex

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The hypophyseal portal veins:

A) supply blood to the primary plexus capillaries in the base of the hypothalamus.
B) carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary.
C) receive anterior pituitary hormones as they are secreted.
D) receive posterior pituitary hormones via the plexus of the infundibular process.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a space or fluid in which you would NOT expect to find a hormone?

A) blood plasma
B) interstitial fluid
C) duct
D) capillaries

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Alpha and beta cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas:
1) can be found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
2) secrete their hormones into the pancreatic duct
3 secrete hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body
4) are responsible for maintaining homeostatic levels of glucose
5) aid in the production of enzymes used for protein digestion

A) 1 and 2
B) 2, 3 and 5
C) 4 only
D) 1 and 4

Question 5

Which of the following are NOT a part of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

A) acini
B) alpha cells
C) beta cells
D) F-cells

Question 6

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that mediate the proliferation and maturation of T cells of the immune system is the _____.

A) pancreas
B) pineal
C) thymus
D) thyroid

Question 7

"Tired OR Wired" can be thought of as a quick reference to thyroid gland dysfunctions. Thyroid gland disturbances will directly affect which homeostatic condition?

A) sodium levels
B) levels of circulating corticosteroids
C) metabolic rate
D) maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 8

A basilar skull fracture which injures the hypophyseal fossa (seat of the sella turcica) of the sphenoid bone will directly affect the release of:

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin
B) calcitonin
C) aldosterone
D) All of these choices.

Question 9

The following gland arises from ectoderm:

A) thyroid.
B) pancreas.
C) thymus.
D) adrenal medulla.

Question 10

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a mass of tissue called the _____.

A) isthmus
B) parathyroid
C) infundibulum
D) follicle

Question 11

The hormone inhibin is produced by the:
1) ovaries.
2) testes.
3) pancreas.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) both 1 and 2.

Question 12

The _____ is the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, due to its control over secretory activities of the _____ gland.

A) thalamus, pituitary
B) hypothalamus, thyroid
C) brain stem, thyroid
D) hypothalamus, pituitary

Question 13

Estrogens are produced by cells in the:
1) ovaries.
2) placenta.
3) adrenal cortex.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) both 1 and 2.

Question 14

The ability of a hormone to affect the activities of a particular cell depends on that cell having specific receptors with which the hormone molecules can bind. The number of receptors present in a target cell is a constant, invariable number.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 15

The hormone that functions to promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics is:

A) follicle-stimulating hormone.
B) testosterone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) human growth hormone.

Question 16

Which of the following hormones has the ovaries and testes as its target tissue?

A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) relaxin (RLX)
C) inhibin
D) progesterone

Question 17

Thyroxine (T4) is a hormone that:

A) is produced by parafollicular cells ( C cells).
B) is secreted along with T3 into the follicles of the thyroid gland.
C) is also known as triiodothyronine.
D) causes myxedema when produced in excess.

Question 18

Which of the following is an adrenal gland hormone that is essential for life?

A) aldosterone
B) norepinephrine (NE)
C) insulin
D) epinephrine

Question 19

Which of the following pairs of terms is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) insulin; secreted by beta cells
B) glucagon; secreted by alpha cells
C) somatostatin; secreted by delta cells
D) pancreatic polypeptide; inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

Question 20

Which endocrine gland is part of the epithalamus?

A) pituitary
B) hypothalamus
C) pineal
D) thymus

Question 21

Which endocrine gland receives its blood supply from suprarenal arteries?

A) thymus
B) ovary
C) adrenal
D) testicle

Question 22

List the five different types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) together with the names of the hormones secreted by each.

Question 23

Which of the following is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A) hypothalamus
B) anterior pituitary
C) thalamus
D) pineal
E) posterior pituitary

Question 24

Thymosin and other thymic hormones influence the maturation of B cells (B-lymphocytes) in the thymus gland.

Question 25

Hormones of the adrenal medulla help prolong the fight-or-flight response (sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system).

Question 26

The parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 27

What is a tropic hormone (tropin)? Give two examples secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

Question 28

Name the secretory cells of the thyroid gland, describe their location, list the hormones produced, and state the target cells of the hormones.

Question 29

Name the cells that are responsible for producing the hormones of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Name the hormones together with their target tissues.

Question 30

Hypothalamic hormones travel via the primary plexus, the hypophyseal portal veins, and the secondary plexus, where they diffuse into the _____.

A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) neurohypophysis
D) thalamus

Question 31

The anterior and posterior regions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) both develop from ectoderm.

Question 32

The pituitary gland consists of two anatomically and functionally separate portions; the smaller _____ is composed of _____ tissue.

A) posterior pituitary; glandular
B) posterior pituitary; neural
C) anterior pituitary; glandular
D) anterior pituitary; neural

Question 33

The nervous system responds to change very quickly, but an individual response is very brief; whereas, the endocrine system's response takes longer to take effect, but it lasts for a longer period of time.

Question 34

The pituitary (hypophysis) and adrenal glands are similar in that each gland has two distinct regions: one that develops from ectoderm, and one that develops from endoderm.

Question 35

The quantity of hormone produced by an endocrine gland varies, but the number of receptors on its target tissues remains stable.

Question 36

Oxyphil cells make up most of the volume of a normal parathyroid gland and are primarily responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone.

Question 37

Hormones affect a target cell by binding to specific hormone _____ on the cell membrane or in its interior.

A) carbohydrates
B) cholesterols
C) lipids
D) receptors
E) glycoproteins

Question 38

Cortisol, the main glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata, depresses the immune response and inflammation.

Question 39

The infundibulum attaches the _____ to the _____.

A) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
B) pituitary gland; thalamus
C) hypothalamus; pituitary gland
D) posterior pituitary; pineal gland
E) thyroid gland; parathyroid gland

Question 40

Endocrine portions of the pancreas are called acini.

Question 41

Milk production in the mammary glands is initiated by

A) prolactin (PRL)
B) relaxin
C) inhibin
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a cell type of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

A) beta
B) acini
C) F
D) delta

Question 43

Thyroid follicular cells secrete calcitonin.

Question 44

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are produced by:

A) parafollicular cells (C cells)
B) chief (principal) cells
C) follicular cells
D) oxyphil cells

Question 45

Hormones that regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood are secreted by the _____ region of the adrenal cortex.

A) zona reticularis
B) zona fasciculata
C) medullary zone
D) zona glomerulosa

Question 46

The pineal gland hormone that helps regulate the body's biological clock is _____.

A) TSH
B) thryroxine
C) melanin
D) melatonin

Question 47

Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone) is produced by the follicular cells of the parathyroid gland.

Question 48

Parafollicular (C cells) cells secrete _____.

A) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) calcitonin
D) thyroxine (T4)

Question 49

The two hormones produced by the testes are testosterone and relaxin.

Question 50

In the pancreas, alpha cells secrete

A) pancreatic juice
B) T4
C) insulin
D) glucagon

Question 51

_____ cells of the adrenal gland have the same embryonic origin as all sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

A) Follicular
B) Medullary
C) Chief (principal)
D) Chromaffin

Question 52

The adrenal gland functions as two separate endocrine glands: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. Which ones effects mimic the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A) adrenal medulla
B) adrenal cortex

Question 53

_____ secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

A) Gonadotrophs
B) Delta cells
C) Acini
D) Islets

Question 54

In the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa cells secrete

A) androgens.
B) calcitonin.
C) cortisol.
D) aldosterone.

Question 55

_____ cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE).

A) Follicular
B) Parafollicular
C) Chromaffin
D) Beta

Question 56

In the pancreas, beta cell secrete insulin.

Question 57

Somatotrophs are cells located in the _____ which secrete _____.

A) posterior pituitary; oxytocin (OT)
B) anterior pituitary; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) anterior pituitary; human growth hormone (hGH)

Question 58

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce the hormone _____, which helps to regulate the level of _____ in the blood.

A) parathromone; potassium
B) calcitonin; sodium
C) calcitonin; calcium
D) PTH; calcium

Question 59

Thyrotrophs secrete TSH, the hormone that controls the _____.

A) adrenal cortex
B) parathyroid gland
C) thymus gland
D) thyroid gland

Question 60

The pineal gland is located near the roof of the _____ ventricle of the brain.

A) third
B) lateral
C) second
D) fourth

Question 61

Which endocrine cell releases parathyroid hormone?

A) pinealocytes
B) beta cells
C) parafollicular cells
D) chief cells

Question 62

All of the following hormone levels decline with age EXCEPT

A) human growth hormone.
B) thyroid stimulating hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) estrogen.

Question 63

Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts, lumen of an organ, and blood vessels.

Question 64

What is the endocrine gland labeled with the arrow?

A) adrenal
B) pineal
C) thymus
D) testis

Question 65

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is thought to be due to the underproduction and/or release of melatonin from the pineal gland.

Question 66

Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide target which abdominopelvic gland?

A) spleen
B) pancreas
C) gallbladder
D) small intestine

Question 67

What is the name of the endocrine gland indicated by the line?

A) pituitary
B) pancreas
C) thymus
D) thyroid

Question 68

If hormone levels are low, the plasma membrane of a target cell will decrease the number of receptors in its membrane.

Question 69

Estrogens are produced by cells in the:
1) ovaries.
2) placenta.
3) adrenal cortex.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) both 1 and 2.

Question 70

What is the endocrine gland labeled with the arrow?

A) pituitary
B) thymus
C) pancreas
D) thyroid

Question 71

Adipose cells secrete leptin which functions to increase appetite.

Question 72

The lines are pointing to which of the following?

A) superior hypophyseal artery
B) hypophyseal portal veins
C) inferior hypophyseal artery
D) posterior hypophyseal veins

Question 73

Which cell of the pituitary gland releases hormones that target the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A) somatotroph
B) thyrotroph
C) gonadotroph
D) lactotroph
E) corticotroph

Question 74

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release affects target cells in which two organs?

A) thymus and thyroid
B) bone and kidney
C) liver and brain
D) pancreas and thyroid

Question 75

The arrow is pointing to which structure?

A) paraventricular nucleus
B) supraoptic nucleus
C) infundibular venous plexus
D) axons of neurosecretory cells