Deck 9: Reproductive Behavior

Question 1

________ is an example of a sexually dimorphic behavior.

A) Mating
B) Eating
C) Drinking
D) Driving a vehicle
E) Language

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In which disorder would you expect to observe testes as well as the external genitals of a female?

A) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) adrenogenital syndrome
E) androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 2

E
Explanation: In androgen insensitivity syndrome you would expect to observe testes as well as the external genitals of a female.

Question 3

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female

A) requires the suppression of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
B) requires secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) is caused by secretion of progesterone.
D) requires no hormone.
E) requires functional anti-Müllerian receptors.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female requires

A) secretion of progesterone.
B) secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) suppression of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
D) secretion of androgens.
E) no stimulus.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the sex chromosomes?

A) The Y chromosome controls the development of the male sex glands.
B) The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for male fetus development.
C) The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the female fetus.
D) The mother donates her Y chromosome to form a female fetus.
E) The sex chromosomes are the largest among the 23 pairs.

Question 6

An androgen that promotes the prenatal development of the Wolffian system is said to have a(n)

A) non-selective action on the undifferentiated gonads.
B) activational effect.
C) masculinizing effect.
D) feminizing effect.
E) defeminizing effect.

Question 7

The difference between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that

A) organizational effects only occur in the brain.
B) organizational effects are permanent.
C) organizational effects only occur during adulthood.
D) activational effects are mediated by receptors, whereas organizational effects are due to changes in neurotransmitter secretion.
E) activational effects are permanent.

Question 8

The Wolffian system structures are the precursors to the

A) male internal sex organs.
B) penis and scrotum.
C) female internal sex organs.
D) testes.
E) ovaries.

Question 9

________ has a defeminizing action during human prenatal development.

A) Testosterone
B) Dihydrotestosterone
C) Estradiol
D) Androgen
E) Anti-Müllerian hormone

Question 10

The structures that comprise the Müllerian system are the precursors to the

A) penis and scrotum.
B) ovaries.
C) female internal sex organs.
D) testes.
E) male internal sex organs.

Question 11

The protein that dictates the conversion of the undifferentiated gonads into the testes is controlled by the

A) gene Tny.
B) leptin protein.
C) ob/ob gene.
D) gene Sry.
E) X chromosome.

Question 12

Gametes are mature reproductive cells that

A) will eventually form the sex organs of the fetus.
B) secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance.
C) carry half the genetic information of other cells of the body.
D) are formed by the union of an egg and a sperm during fertilization.
E) contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 13

A hormone that prevents the prenatal development of the Müllerian system is said to have a(n)

A) masculinizing effect.
B) activational effect.
C) defeminizing effect.
D) feminizing effect.
E) non-selective action on the undifferentiated gonads.

Question 14

All of the following are characteristics of untreated androgen insensitivity syndrome EXCEPT

A) female external genitals.
B) testes.
C) breast growth at puberty.
D) female internal genitals.
E) the inability to have children.

Question 15

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the male requires

A) suppression of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
B) secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) secretion of progesterone
D) secretion of estradiol.
E) A and D are correct.

Question 16

Which of the following biological factors determines the genetic sex of a fetus?

A) the gonads of the fetus
B) a single gene on the X chromosome
C) the hormones produced by the pituitary during fetal development
D) the father's sperm
E) the phase of the menstrual cycle during which fertilization occurs

Question 17

An example of an activational effect of the hormone estradiol is

A) growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
B) maturation of the ovaries.
C) differentiation of the Wolffian system into the fimbriae, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
D) growth of auxiliary hair in females.
E) alteration of the vocal cords to create a "deep" voice.

Question 18

After his penis was destroyed at age 7 months in a botched circumcision procedure,Bruce (the subject of the chapter prologue)

A) then became Brenda.
B) retained his a male identity.
C) received regular injections of testosterone from age 15 to 30 .
D) was given a penile implant at age 5.
E) received estrogen pills starting at age 5.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered to be a sexual organ?

A) ovaries and testes
B) brain
C) hair
D) chromosomes
E) Sry gene

Question 20

Which biological factor below is required to form the ovaries?

A) the Y chromosome.
B) the Sry gene
C) the X chromosome
D) testosterone
E) No factor is required.

Question 21

People with Turner's syndrome

A) lack steroid receptors.
B) have no gonads.
C) develop male internal sex organs.
D) have two Y chromosomes and one X chromosome.
E) are prolific at bearing children.

Question 22

In which disorder would you expect to observe the external genitals of a male in conjunction with both male and female internal reproductive structures?

A) adrenogenital syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in a genetic male
E) androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 23

Sexual behavior in the male rat is maintained by adequate levels of

A) testosterone.
B) luteinizing hormone.
C) growth hormone.
D) vasopressin.
E) ghrelin.

Question 24

The major principle illustrated by Turner's syndrome is that

A) different hormones are required to develop or to suppress the development of the male reproductive organs.
B) female secondary sexual characteristics appear without the ovaries.
C) ovaries are necessary for development of the Müllerian system.
D) ovaries are NOT necessary for development of the Müllerian system.
E) male fetuses produce Müllerian-inhibiting substance.

Question 25

The ________ effect refers to a situation in which a novel female will elicit another bout of sexual behavior in a sexually satiated male rat.

A) Whitten
B) Lee-Boot
C) Vandenbergh
D) Coolidge
E) Bruce

Question 26

An effect of estrogens during puberty is

A) beard growth.
B) growth of pubic hair.
C) lowering of the voice.
D) promotion of muscle development.
E) breast development.

Question 27

An example of a primary sex characteristic is ________,while ________ are an example of a secondary sex characteristic.

A) estrogen; the external genitals
B) wide hips; internal sex organs
C) a deep voice; the gonads
D) the gonads; enlarged breasts
E) a beard; the external genitals

Question 28

Which of the following events takes place at the onset of puberty to start sexual maturation?

A) LH and FSH are released from the gonads.
B) Estradiol and testosterone are released by the gonads.
C) The pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones.
D) The ovaries and testes release gonadotropic hormones.
E) Sexual maturation is not a hormonally dependent process.

Question 29

Ovulation involves a surge in ________ which in turn ________.

A) leptin; promotes the loss of the uterine lining
B) estrogen; disrupts the ovarian follicle
C) estradiol; promotes the longevity of the uterine lining
D) follicle-stimulating hormone; causes the release of luteinizing hormone
E) luteinizing hormone; disrupts the ovarian follicle

Question 30

Which of the following is true of male sexual behavior?

A) Pelvic thrusting is limited to males.
B) Ejaculation refers to the discharge of semen from the penis.
C) Intromission refers to a break between bouts of sexual behavior.
D) Orgasm requires intromission.
E) The sexual behavior of human males requires high levels of testosterone.

Question 31

Menstruation is triggered by

A) reduced secretion of estradiol and progesterone from the corpus luteum.
B) a surge of androgens from the adrenal cortex.
C) implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus.
D) a surge of estrogens from the adrenal cortex.
E) increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Question 32

All of the following are active sexual behaviors displayed by female rodents EXCEPT

A) approaching the male.
B) ear wiggling.
C) intromission.
D) rapid hopping movements.
E) lordosis.

Question 33

Which of the following pairs represent an example of a primary sex characteristic and an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A) penis; beard growth
B) enlarged breasts; wide hips
C) testes development; ovaries
D) clitoris; ovaries
E) deep voice; beard growth

Question 34

The prenatal development of the external male genitalia requires the presence of

A) estradiol.
B) melatonin.
C) alpha-fetoprotein.
D) dihydrotestosterone.
E) anti-Müllerian hormone.

Question 35

A key effect of luteinizing hormone is to

A) promote the growth of the ovarian follicles.
B) assist implantation of the fertilized ovum.
C) facilitate beard growth.
D) induce ovulation.
E) induce the growth of auxiliary hair.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of the estrous cycle of rats?

A) Removal of the ovaries does not disrupt the estrous cycle once it has been established in the adult female.
B) The estrous cycle is controlled by adrenal hormones.
C) Ovulation is not required for sexual behavior during the estrous cycle.
D) The estrous cycle lasts 4 days.
E) The uterine lining is lost on day 4 of the cycle.

Question 37

The growth of pubic and auxiliary hair in male and female humans is promoted by

A) androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex.
B) corticosterone.
C) estrogens secreted from the adrenal cortex.
D) progesterone.
E) leptin.

Question 38

A key aspect of the Coolidge effect is that exposure to a novel female

A) fails to elicit sexual satiety.
B) lengthens the sexual refractory period after ejaculation.
C) diminishes the sexual refractory period after ejaculation.
D) elicits motor responses that are incompatible with intromission.
E) reduces the circulating levels of testosterone in the male rat.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT an effect of androgens during puberty?

A) altering the hairline of the head
B) changes in the deposition of body fat
C) lowering of the voice
D) beard growth
E) promotion of muscle development

Question 40

The key difference that distinguishes the menstrual cycle from an estrous cycle is that

A) the estrous cycle is longer than the menstrual cycle.
B) females can only mate around the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle.
C) there is no cycle of growth/loss of the uterine lining in the estrous cycle.
D) the estrous cycle does not involve the secretion of estrogens.
E) females can mate at any time during the estrous cycle.

Question 41

The vomeronasal organ

A) is critical for sexual behavior in dolphins.
B) of a human is heavily innervated by neurons.
C) is the receptive organ for pheromones.
D) projects to the accessory optic area and then to the primary visual cortex.
E) is found in all cetaceans such as whales and dolphins.

Question 42

A pheromone is a

A) substance used to create human perfumes.
B) chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another member of the same species.
C) hormone released from the gut after the ingestion of fat.
D) chemical located on the tongue that binds with sugar.
E) type of enzyme that deactivate cyclic nucleotides.

Question 43

A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth.In adulthood,this rat is injected with estradiol and progesterone and placed in a cage with a male rat.This female rat will

A) show evidence of maternal aggression.
B) attempt to mount the male.
C) show lordosis to the male rat.
D) not show female sexual behaviors.
E) show behavioral masculinization.

Question 44

The function of lordosis in a female mammal is to

A) prepare the female for a rapid escape response from the male.
B) expose the male rat to vaginal pheromones.
C) prevent sexual contact with the male rat.
D) facilitate intromission by the male rat.
E) trigger ovulation.

Question 45

Which of the following conditions will block or diminish female rodent sexual behavior?

A) damage to the lateral thalamus
B) being in a nonestrous state
C) targeted mutations of ghrelin receptors
D) genetic ablation of the SRy gene.
E) administration of estradiol followed by progesterone.

Question 46

The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens that prevents an animal from showing female sexual behavior during adulthood is

A) aromatization.
B) masculinization.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) feminization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

Question 47

A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth.In adulthood,this rat is injected with testosterone and placed in a cage with a receptive female rat.This female rat will

A) show female sexual behaviors.
B) attempt to mount the receptive female.
C) show lordosis to the female rat.
D) show evidence of maternal aggression.
E) show intermale aggression.

Question 48

The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior during adulthood is

A) feminization.
B) sexual orientation.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) aromatization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

Question 49

Lordosis would be an example of ________ in the female rat.

A) receptivity
B) attractivity
C) proceptivity
D) perceptivity
E) reactivity

Question 50

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which a group of female mice that are housed together show a slowing down and then a termination of their estrous cycles.

A) Coolidge
B) Bruce
C) Bruce-Lee
D) Lee-Boot
E) Whitten

Question 51

Imagine that you have developed a new pheromone that induces male subjects to approach females.You incorporate it into a perfume,name it Passion,and then begin your marketing plan.Which of the following precautions would you take as you introduce your pheromone-laced perfume to the market?

A) You would not hand out free samples during the late summer/early fall.
B) You would advertise in men's magazines.
C) You would not hand out free samples of Passion during the winter cold and flu season.
D) Your advertising would suggest that Passion leads to passion.
E) You would not advertize in sporting magazines.

Question 52

Lordosis is considered to be a

A) male sexual behavior.
B) female sexual behavior.
C) reflexive behavior shown by males.
D) proceptive behavior.
E) voluntary behavior shown by females.

Question 53

Which sequence of hormone treatment produces receptive behaviors in an ovariectomized female rat?

A) a small dose of progesterone alone
B) a small dose of oxytocin alone
C) oxytocin dose followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
D) a small dose of estradiol alone
E) a small dose of estradiol followed thereafter by a progesterone dose

Question 54

Neurons of the vomeronasal organ project to the

A) optic bulb.
B) hypothalamus.
C) somatosensory cortex.
D) accessory olfactory bulb.
E) frontal cortex.

Question 55

Which statement best describes the Bruce effect?

A) Group-housed female mice show slower estrous cycles.
B) Spontaneous abortion in female mice is noted after exposure to the odor of a novel male.
C) Group-housed female mice show a faster estrous cycle.
D) Estrous cycles of group-housed female mice are synchronized after exposure to the odor of an intact male mouse.
E) The odor of a male mouse accelerates the onset of puberty in a female mouse.

Question 56

Physiological and behavioral changes in a female rat that alter the sexual interest of a male rat are termed _______ behaviors.

A) refractory
B) attractiveness
C) perceptive
D) proceptivity
E) receptive

Question 57

The Whitten effect and the Vandenbergh effect are induced in a female rodent by exposure to ________ from a(n)________.

A) urine; intact male rodent
B) ultrasounds; stranger
C) urine; intact female rodent
D) sweat; castrated male rodent
E) sweat; pregnant female rodent

Question 58

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which the odor of a male rodent will accelerate the onset of puberty in a female rodent.

A) Bruce-Lee
B) Bruce
C) Coolidge
D) Lee-Boot
E) Vandenbergh

Question 59

A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood.This male rat would be expected to

A) exhibit enhanced inter-male aggression.
B) attempt to copulate with a female in heat.
C) show lordosis in response to another male.
D) attempt to copulate with a nonestrous female.
E) show maternal aggression.

Question 60

The critical period of development during which exposure to ________ organizes male and female sexual behavior in rats during adulthood is ________.

A) estrogen; just after conception
B) androgens; shortly after birth
C) estrogen; during the estrous cycle
D) androgens; during the estrous cycle
E) progesterone; shortly after birth

Question 61

A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner

A) when her estradiol levels are lowest.
B) just prior to menstruation.
C) in the winter months.
D) just after a surge in testosterone from the adrenals.
E) at a point in the menstrual cycle when her estradiol levels are highest.

Question 62

Anticipation of sexual activity has the effect of

A) reducing sexual motivation.
B) reducing beard growth.
C) raising plasma prolactin levels in human males.
D) raising plasma testosterone levels in human males.
E) reducing plasma testosterone levels in human males.

Question 63

Electrical stimulation of the ________ elicits copulatory behavior in the ________.

A) medial preoptic area; female rat
B) central nucleus of the amygdala; female rat
C) ventromedial nucleus; male rat
D) medial preoptic area; male rat
E) spinal cord; female rat

Question 64

A key difference between rodent and human female sexual behavior is that

A) rats mate during diestrus as a form of birth control.
B) the rat estrous cycle is longer than the human menstrual cycle.
C) rats are capable of mating at any point during the estrous cycle.
D) a female rat can only mate during estrus.
E) a human female requires a progesterone surge for sexual receptivity.

Question 65

What principle is demonstrated by the findings that stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in a male animal whose spinal cord has been cut?

A) Male sexual behavior can at times appear to be brainless.
B) The brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation.
C) Sexual orientation is dependent on spinal mechanisms.
D) Pathways from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are key to sexual behavior.
E) Sexual reflexes cannot occur without the brain.

Question 66

Exposure to odors in human underarm sweat has been shown to

A) induce the release of corticosterone from the adrenal glands.
B) synchronize menstrual cycles in women.
C) influence men's attractiveness to women.
D) enhance sexual activity in men, but not women.
E) delay the onset of puberty.

Question 67

Which of the following is a factor that can blunt the reduced sex drive observed in males who have experienced reduced plasma testosterone levels?

A) substitution of estrogens for testosterone
B) prior sexual experience
C) the availability of Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis
D) age
E) prenatal exposure to estradiol

Question 68

Sexual behavior in a castrated male rat is restored by infusion of ________ into the ________.

A) glutamate; spinal cord
B) apomorphine; medial amygdala
C) dopamine antagonists; medial preoptic area
D) opiates; spinal cord
E) testosterone; medial preoptic area

Question 69

Which statement best describes the effects of a chemical castration (using a GnRH antagonist)on sexual behavior in a human male?

A) increased secretion of testosterone
B) decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment
C) loss of erections during REM sleep, but no change in sex drive
D) no change in sexual activity, because the adrenals also secrete testosterone
E) a loss of tactile sensitivity

Question 70

Serotonergic neurons that project from the ________ to the spinal cord may mediate the capacity of ________ to impair ejaculation in males.

A) MPA; antipsychotics
B) VMH; mood stabilizers
C) MPA; amphetamine
D) nPGi; SSRIs
E) nPGi; mood stabilizers

Question 71

The control of erection and ejaculation involves

A) inhibition of the medial preoptic area.
B) spinal cord circuits.
C) circuits of neurons within the prefrontal area.
D) circuits that interconnect the left and right hemispheres.
E) cells that project from the vomeronasal organ to the medulla.

Question 72

The ________ plays an essential role in male sexual behavior.

A) central nucleus of the amygdala
B) periaqueductal gray matter
C) medial preoptic area
D) rostral medulla
E) sexually dimorphic nucleus of the supraoptic area

Question 73

Which of the following is true of pheromone action in humans?

A) Menstrual cycles are delayed by exposure to human sweat.
B) Men and women show decreased sexual behavior after exposure to pheromones.
C) A T-shirt worn by a woman during her fertile phase is rated more positively by men than a T-shirt worn during her non-fertile phase.
D) Women are attracted to the underarm sweat from men.
E) Men are attracted to the underarm sweat from women.

Question 74

The ________ directly inhibits the spinal motor neurons that control male copulatory movements.

A) ventromedial hypothalamus
B) rostral hypothalamus
C) nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) of the medulla
D) medial amygdala
E) medial preoptic area

Question 75

Which of the following is true as to the biological basis of homosexuality?

A) There are size differences in several brain regions that correlate with sexual orientation.
B) The concordance rate for sexual orientation is low in male and in female identical twins.
C) Maternal stress during pregnancy decreases androgen production in male rats, causing decreased male and increased female sexual behaviors.
D) Testosterone has diminished activational effects in homosexual men compared to heterosexual men.
E) There is no solid data linking brain structure differences with sexual orientation.

Question 76

Damage to the accessory olfactory bulb would impair the ______ effect.

A) Coolidge
B) Whitley
C) Ralph
D) Vandenbergh
E) pheromone

Question 77

Studies of the causes of homosexuality indicate that the best predictor of adult homosexuality is

A) a history of birth complications.
B) prolonged exposure to heavy metals in utero.
C) the self-report of homosexual feelings.
D) being raised by a harsh, punitive father.
E) being raised by a warm, loving mother.

Question 78

Which of the following are most likely to show preferences for masculine toys and an increased rate of homosexuality/bisexuality?

A) women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) men with an XYY chromosomal type
C) men born during the late winter months to stressed mothers
D) men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
E) women with Turner's syndrome

Question 79

An individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome will

A) not be feminized at puberty.
B) be raised as a female.
C) not function sexually as an adult.
D) prefer a female sexual partner.
E) show very masculine toy preferences.

Question 80

Twin studies indicate that

A) there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females.
B) early family environment is more important than genes for the development of homosexuality.
C) a male child whose older twin sisters are heterosexual is more likely to be homosexual.
D) homosexual women are likely to have homosexual male relatives.
E) identical male twins are less likely to be concordant for homosexuality than are fraternal male twins.