Deck 10: Emotion

Question 1

The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.

A) emotional behaviors
B) moods
C) internal, stirred-up states
D) emotional feelings
E) depressed mood states

Answer 1

A
Explanation: The text author asserts that emotional behaviors have key consequences for survival and reproduction.

Question 2

The hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion act to

A) increase blood flow to the muscles.
B) control the absorption of nutrients from the gut.
C) form glycogen within the muscles.
D) increase blood flow to the digestive organs.
E) suppress pain reactivity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Damage to the ________ would be expected to disrupt the integration of fear.

A) thalamus
B) medial hypothalamus
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) amygdala
E) reticular activating system

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Damage to the amygdala would be expected to disrupt the integration of fear.

Question 4

Individual neurons within the amygdala are activated by

A) all classes of sensory signals.
B) texture cues within the environment.
C) detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.
D) motor signals arising from the caudate nucleus.
E) ascending tactile signals.

Question 5

The amygdaloid complex is

A) important for the planning of motor behaviors.
B) comprised of five key nuclei.
C) located within the frontal lobes.
D) located within the temporal lobes.
E) comprised of three nuclei that process emotion.

Question 6

The components of an emotional response include

A) autonomic activity, moods, and behaviors.
B) behaviors and moods.
C) hormonal secretions and cognitions.
D) behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.
E) feelings and behaviors.

Question 7

The ________ nucleus of the ________ is important for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli.

A) postero-lateral; hypothalamus
B) medial; thalamus
C) lateral; amygdala
D) central; amygdala
E) medial; hypothalamus

Question 8

The central nucleus of the amygdala can be automatically activated by

A) loud, unexpected noises.
B) the perception of height.
C) deodorant.
D) the approach of an insect.
E) a drink of water while thirsty.

Question 9

A key function of the autonomic component of an emotional response is to

A) mobilize energy for vigorous movement.
B) promote digestion of nutrients.
C) turn off the stress axis.
D) restore physiological balance after an emotional experience.
E) control the absorption of nutrients from the gut.

Question 10

The ________ integrates the components that comprise the emotion of fear.

A) amygdala
B) medial hypothalamus
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) thalamus
E) reticular activating system

Question 11

Activation of the ________ elicits various behavioral,autonomic,and hormonal emotional responses.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) central nucleus of the amygdala
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) medial geniculate nucleus
E) posterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus

Question 12

According to the text author,which of the following is a recent evolutionary development?

A) emotional behaviors
B) emotional feelings
C) the capacity to recognize emotional behaviors
D) hormonal changes during emotion
E) the experience of positive emotions

Question 13

Physiological studies of emotions have focused on

A) those associated with reproductive behaviors.
B) those associated with the experience of success.
C) happiness and euphoria.
D) anger and fear.
E) those experienced after eating a good meal.

Question 14

Mr.V.failed to appreciate the emotional significance of the loss of ________ after his stroke.

A) verbal intelligence
B) movement of the left side of his body
C) the capacity to recall recent events
D) the ability to speak
E) tactile sensation on the right side of his body

Question 15

The ________ nucleus of the ________ receives odor and pheromone signals.

A) dorsomedial; thalamus
B) lateral; amygdala
C) medial; thalamus
D) central; amygdala
E) postero-lateral; thalamus

Question 16

Imagine that you are suffering from overly intense emotional reactions that conventional therapies do not alleviate.Based on the evidence cited in your text,which brain region would be considered as a target for inactivation to provide relief for your intense emotional reactions?

A) central nucleus of the amygdala
B) ventromedial hypothalamus
C) medial nucleus of the amygdala
D) corpus callosum
E) the hypothalamic complex

Question 17

A neuron within the amygdala is likely to be activated by

A) the sight of a syringe used previously to place glucose into the mouth.
B) the sound of rain.
C) the sight of grass.
D) the smell of wood chips.
E) the odor of dirt.

Question 18

The _______ is critical for the ______ of emotion.

A) lateral nucleus of the amygdala; expression
B) central nucleus of the amygdala; expression
C) medial basal forebrain; experience
D) hippocampus; experience
E) insular cortex; expression

Question 19

Which of the following is true of emotion?

A) Emotion involves feelings but not behaviors.
B) Emotion involves behaviors but not feelings.
C) Emotion involves patterns of physiological responses and species-typical behavior.
D) Emotion involves prolonged mood states.
E) Most emotion studies examine happiness.

Question 20

Which of the following supports the contention that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CE)integrates emotional responses?

A) Destruction of the CE enhances emotional responses.
B) Electrical stimulation of the CE suppresses fear and anxiety.
C) Conditioned emotional responses are not learned by rats sustaining CE damage.
D) The CE projects to brain regions that in turn control digestion. .
E) Inactivation of the CE does not alter emotional experiences.

Question 21

Which of the following is a career option in which a person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage?

A) textbook author
B) high-wire artist working on the 4th of July
C) college professor
D) copy editor for a newspaper
E) movie critic

Question 22

Damage to the human amygdala

A) produces intense feelings of fear.
B) impairs the acquisition of a CER.
C) leads to behavioral freeing.
D) impairs the ability to read a map.
E) results in profound depression.

Question 23

An example of a species-typical defensive response for a rat is

A) freezing of motor movements.
B) sniffing.
C) approach.
D) eating and drinking.
E) grooming.

Question 24

Damage to the ________ neurons of the forebrain would be expected to ________ aggressive attack.

A) dopamine; facilitate
B) serotonin; facilitate
C) dopamine; suppress
D) serotonin; suppress
E) cholinergic; suppress

Question 25

Which of the following would fail to automatically produce fear reactions in a human?

A) snakes
B) loud unexpected noises
C) certain odors
D) sudden movement
E) detection of body odor .

Question 26

Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).

A) grooming behavior
B) reduced fear
C) reduced plasma levels of stress hormones
D) behavioral arrest (freezing)
E) an unconditional emotional response

Question 27

A conditioned emotional response involves the pairing of a ________ with a(n)________.

A) tone; food
B) neutral stimulus; aversive emotion-inducing stimulus
C) light; injection of lithium chloride
D) neutral stimulus; food
E) aversive stimulus; aversive stimulus

Question 28

The physical changes responsible for conditioning of emotional responses take place in the

A) orbitofrontal cortex.
B) lateral nucleus of the amygdala.
C) medial nucleus of the amygdala.
D) lateral hypothalamus.
E) periaqueductal gray matter.

Question 29

Which of the following would be expected in a rat after infusion of glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala?

A) behavioral signs of fear
B) reduced secretion of gastric acids into the stomach
C) the rat would be more tame when handled by humans
D) lower levels of stress hormones in the blood
E) euphoria and sedation

Question 30

After damage to her ______,Patient I.R.showed impaired ability to _______.

A) left basal forebrain; read a map
B) auditory association cortex; perceive musical melody
C) hippocampus; recognize words
D) periaqueductal gray matter; read a map
E) primary visual cortex; perceive musical melody

Question 31

Animal studies indicate that the effect of serotonin on aggression may reflect a more general effect of serotonin on

A) cognitive function.
B) risky behaviors.
C) threat behavior.
D) maternal behavior.
E) learning and memory.

Question 32

In a typical experiment on classically conditioned emotional responses,the unconditional emotional response is elicited by

A) shock.
B) a motor response.
C) a 800-Hz tone.
D) a heat stimulus.
E) electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus.

Question 33

Which of the following drugs would be expected to inhibit aggression?

A) amphetamine
B) cocaine
C) methysergide
D) fluoxetine (Prozac)
E) haloperidol

Question 34

Electrical stimulation of the ________ induces a feeling of fear in humans.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) thalamus
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) amygdala
E) reticular activating system

Question 35

Neurons within the ______ are important for the extinction of a CER.

A) hippocampus
B) basal ganglia
C) cingulum bundle
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex
E) substantia nigra

Question 36

For animals exposed to stress,damage to the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to

A) increase signs of fear.
B) induce gastric ulcers.
C) reduce blood levels of stress hormones.
D) increase signs of agitation.
E) suppress pain reactivity,

Question 37

An animal with damage to the ________ will fail to display a conditioned emotional change in blood pressure but will display increased respiration.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) lateral nucleus of the amygdala
C) lateral hypothalamus
D) medial nucleus of the amygdala
E) periaqueductal gray matter

Question 38

Aggressive behaviors

A) include actual attacks against another organism.
B) are often associated with child birth. .
C) are limited to verbal actual attacks.
D) exclude those involved in self-defense.
E) are controlled by the cerebellum.

Question 39

Activation of the ________ neurons of the forebrain would be expected to ________ aggressive attack.

A) cholinergic; suppress
B) serotonin; facilitate
C) dopamine; suppress
D) serotonin; suppress
E) dopamine; facilitate

Question 40

Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid.Which of the following would you predict using this information?

A) Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels will be more aggressive than those with high levels.
B) Low 5-HIAA levels will be associated with good exam performance.
C) High 5-HIAA levels will be associated with poor sleep patterns in males.
D) Male classmates with high 5-HIAA levels may not be alive 10 years from now.
E) Those with low 5-HIAA levels will be the thinnest persons in the class.

Question 41

Left hemisphere is to right hemisphere as comprehension of words is to

A) production of words.
B) recognition of emotion using tone of voice cues.
C) grammar.
D) facial expression of emotion.
E) autonomic reactivity.

Question 42

Phineas Gage,who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull,exhibited capricious,emotional behavior (in part)as a result of widespread damage to his

A) primary motor cortex.
B) orbitofrontal cortex.
C) cingulate cortex.
D) occipital cortex.
E) primary visual cortex.

Question 43

According to Darwin,the expressions of emotion in humans

A) are unique to each culture.
B) are learned during an early critical period.
C) vary greatly among individuals in different cultures.
D) evolved from similar expressions in other animals.
E) involve muscle movements of the hands but not the face.

Question 44

Which of the following best describes the changes produced by damage involving the prefrontal cortex in the patient described by Eslinger and Damasio (1985)?

A) He was unable to understand the implications of his brain damage.
B) He was unable to apply moral and ethical reasoning to his own life.
C) He became a successful banker and investment broker.
D) His personal life was a success, while his business life was a disaster.
E) His business life became quite a success.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)is correct?

A) vmPFC is necessary for making judgments about the personal significance of social situations.
B) vmPFC is not necessary for translating judgments into actions and emotional responses.
C) vmPFC is an interface between emotional mechanisms and those mechanisms that control complex behaviors.
D) vmPFC produces emotional reactions through connections with the thalamus and the hippocampus .
E) The vnPFC is critical for acquisition of emotional behavior.

Question 46

Rats and silver foxes selectively bred for increased brain levels of ______ and _____ are more tame than expected.

A) dopamine; DOPAC
B) serotonin; 5-HIAA
C) GABA; glutamate
D) dopamine; HVA
E) serotonin; HVA

Question 47

A key function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex may be to

A) activate the PAG.
B) inhibit the hypothalamus.
C) inhibit aggressive behavior.
D) activate the amygdala.
E) facilitate aggressive behavior.

Question 48

The activity of the prefrontal cortex is ________ by ________ projection neurons.

A) activated; serotonergic
B) inactivated; cholinergic
C) inactivated; serotonergic
D) facilitated; dopaminergic
E) facilitated; noradrenergic

Question 49

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by research in which

A) blind children show different facial emotional expressions than do sighted persons.
B) facial expressions of emotion vary by culture.
C) the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.
D) facial expressions of emotion change over time in a culture.
E) Humans and primates use different facial emotion expressions

Question 50

Excessive anger that results in murder may reflect a combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________.

A) prefrontal cortex; hypothalamus
B) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
C) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
D) cortex; reticular activating system
E) noradrenergic system; serotonergic systems

Question 51

The violent outbursts noted in Joshua were eventually controlled by

A) gene therapy that restored the function of his 5-HT?b receptors.
B) administration of lithium. .
C) administration of valium.
D) behavior therapy.
E) administration of Prozac.

Question 52

Ekman's research on the recognition of facial emotion expression

A) showed that isolated cultures use different facial expressions to communicate emotion than do Westerners.
B) disconfirmed Darwin's theory of facial emotion expression.
C) supports the view that facial emotion expression is learned.
D) supports Darwin's view that facial emotion expressions are innate.
E) suggests that different cultures use quite different facial expressions to convey emotion.

Question 53

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is comprised of

A) the occipital cortex and the cingulate cortex.
B) the parietal cortex and the striatal cortex.
C) the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex.
D) the temporal cortex and the cingulate cortex.
E) the cingulate cortex and the limbic cortex.

Question 54

The treatment of impulsive aggression using ________ for 12 weeks reduced aggression and also ________ the activity of the orbitofrontal cortex.

A) fluoxetine; decreased
B) haloperidol; increased
C) fluoxetine; increased
D) haloperidol; decreased
E) atropine; decreased

Question 55

A general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to

A) induce homicidal rage.
B) guide the planning of motor acts.
C) promote sexual arousal.
D) dampen or inhibit emotional reactions.
E) generate rage and anger.

Question 56

Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere?

A) the processing of tactile information
B) the comprehension of emotions
C) the capacity to recognize the emotional content of hand gestures
D) the ability to communicate using language
E) the control of the right side of the body

Question 57

The recognition of emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

A) cerebellum.
B) brain stem.
C) right hemisphere.
D) left hemisphere.
E) dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Question 58

Which of the following is a cue that can be used to communicate our emotional experience to others?

A) changes in body posture
B) language
C) facial expressions
D) nonverbal sounds
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 59

Moral judgments that involve deciding to harm another person _______ activity within the _______.

A) decrease; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) increase; motor cortex
C) increase; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
D) decrease; hippocampus
E) increase; ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 60

A child who has a ________ level of ________ in their CSF will be expected to be more likely to have the potential for crimes such as assault,arson,and murder.

A) elevated; 5-HIAA
B) reduced; GABA
C) reduced; 5-HIAA
D) elevated; GABA
E) elevated; opiates

Question 61

Conditioned fear responses are produced via operant conditioning.

Question 62

The capacity of a person to express an emotion using method acting would be impaired if that person suffered from

A) unilateral damage to the caudate nucleus.
B) unilateral damage to the substantia nigra.
C) volitional facial paresis.
D) emotional facial paresis.
E) damage to the anterior callosum.

Question 63

Most studies of emotion have focused on positive emotions.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of facial emotional expression?

A) Positive emotions are more strongly expressed than are negative emotions.
B) Positive emotions are more strongly displayed on the right side of the face.
C) Negative emotions are more strongly displayed on the right side of the face.
D) The sides of the face are equivalent during emotional expression.
E) Negative emotional expressions are more intense on the left side of the face.

Question 65

Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Spinal cord transection did not alter the expression of emotional behaviors.
B) The higher the spinal cord injury, the less the intensity of the reported feeling.
C) The farther away the injury was from the brain, the less the probability that an intense emotion could be experienced.
D) People who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they felt intense emotions.
E) Partial transection exerts larger effects than do total cord transections

Question 66

Although the amygdala is involved in ________,the amygdala does not play a role in ________.

A) emotional expression; expression of happiness
B) recognition of tone of voice; emotion cues using body posture to communicate emotion
C) recognition of facial expression; emotional expression
D) expression of happiness; expression of anger
E) facial expression of emotions; recognition of emotion communicated via tone of voice

Question 67

The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________ communicated via ________.

A) fear; facial expression
B) happiness; tone of voice
C) fear; tone of voice
D) happiness; body posture
E) anger; tone of voice

Question 68

The different components that comprise an emotional response are controlled by separate circuits in brain.

Question 69

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Laugh and you will be happy.
B) Feeling happy causes you to laugh.
C) Happiness is the result of excessive release of endorphins.
D) Your frontal lobe causes you to feel happy, whereas your motor cortex causes you to laugh.
E) Feeling happy induces the species-typical reaction we call laughter.

Question 70

In the case of patient S.P.,bilateral damage to the ________ resulted in ________.

A) amygdala; an inability to produce a facial expression of emotion
B) prefrontal cortex; an inability to recognize the emotional state of another using voice cues
C) amygdala; an inability to recognize emotion in other persons
D) hippocampus; an inability to forget painful memories of her past life
E) prefrontal cortex; an inability to recognize emotion in other persons

Question 71

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice is associated with increased activity of the

A) right and left hemispheres.
B) left hemisphere only.
C) left frontal cortex.
D) anterior potion of the corpus callosum.
E) right prefrontal cortex.

Question 72

Damage to the _______ would produce difficulty in recognizing facial emotion in another person.

A) brain stem
B) right amygdala
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) dopamine system
E) left amygdala

Question 73

The insular cortex

A) is activated by pheromones.
B) contains the primary auditory cortex.
C) is activated by stimuli that produce strong emotions.
D) is required to regulate facial expressions of emotion.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 74

People with volitional facial paresis are unable to

A) voluntarily move their facial muscles.
B) cry.
C) comprehend other people's emotions.
D) recognize facial expressions.
E) use tone of voice to communicate their emotional states.

Question 75

Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala in recognition of emotion?

A) Conscious awareness is required for the facial expression of emotion.
B) Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition.
C) The amygdala receives input from the visual cortex via the thalamus.
D) Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use tone of voice cues for emotion recognition.
E) Recognition of emotion conveyed by vocal cues requires an intact left amygdale.

Question 76

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion?

A) an intact thalamus
B) the cultural context in which an event occurs
C) one's self-report of what is being experienced
D) sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs
E) changes in hormone levels provoked by the stimulus

Question 77

The central nucleus of the amygdala is the most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli.

Question 78

Seizures that involve the ________ hemisphere are most likely to induce ________.

A) right; thought disorder
B) left; emotional disorder
C) right; emotional disorder
D) left; arousal and difficulty sleeping
E) right; speech deficits

Question 79

Studies by Ekman and colleagues suggest that

A) different emotions are expressed in similar ways by the facial muscles.
B) simulated facial emotional expression changes sympathetic activity.
C) fear and happiness produce similar changes in the autonomic nervous system.
D) simulated facial emotional expression changes parasympathetic activity.
E) C and D are correct.

Question 80

According to the James-Lange theory,feelings of emotions are

A) culturally determined responses to stimuli.
B) the causes of physiological reactions to events.
C) produced by feedback from the behaviors and physiological responses caused by emotion-producing situations.
D) dependent upon the genetic makeup of an individual.
E) produced by activity within the thalamus in response to sensory cues.