Deck 3: Biological Foundations of Behaviour

Question 1

On a hot summer day,five children decide to fill up Brock's kiddie pool.Yesterday,Brock's father ran over the hose with the lawnmower,so the hose is not working.The children decide to create a bucket line from the faucet to the pool.The first child passes the full bucket to the second child,the second to the third,and so on until the last child empties the bucket into the pool and tosses the bucket back to the first child.If we compare the children's bucket line to a SINGLE neuron,we can say that the water,which is passed from child to child until it reaches the pool,is like the __________________,or nerve impulse,which is passed through the axon.

A) ionic pulse
B) resting potential
C) action potential
D) anion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Professor Kendell is explaining how neurons work.He uses the metaphor of an electrical cord to explain neuron structure.Like the wires inside the electrical cord,he says,the ___________ carries the neuron's electrical message;like the rubber protecting the cord's wires,the neuron's _____________ ensures that the signal goes where it's supposed to.

A) axon;myelin sheath
B) neurotransmitter;soma
C) dendrite;axon terminal
D) node of Ranvier;myelin sheath

Answer 2

A

Question 3

After a neuron has sent a nerve impulse,it has to rest for a few milliseconds,a timeframe referred to as

A) an action potential.
B) an absolute refractory period.
C) a graded potential.
D) an anion.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

On a hot summer day,five children decide to fill up Brock's kiddie pool.Yesterday,Brock's father ran over the hose with the lawnmower,so the hose is not working.The children decide to create a bucket line from the faucet to the pool.The first child passes the full bucket to the second child,the second to the third,and so on until the last child empties the bucket into the pool.If we imagine that EACH child is a neuron,the gap between one child and the next is like a(n)

A) vesicle.
B) soma.
C) synapse.
D) node of Ranvier.

Question 5

Though neurons are the building blocks of our nervous systems,they can't do everything alone.______________ cells guide neurons into place during prenatal development,hold them still after the nervous system has developed,and keep the neurons safe from toxins.

A) axon
B) ion
C) myelin
D) glial

Question 6

Derek has been asked to hand-deliver a message to Adeline.Adeline lives across the river from Derek,and there is no bridge;therefore,Derek must take a boat across the channel.When he reaches the shore,he ties the boat to the dock so he can take the message to Adeline.If we compare Derek's actions to those that occur in neurons,we can say that the dock,where Derrek binds his boat,is like a

A) vesicle.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) synapse.
D) receptor site.

Question 7

When neurotransmitters plug into the appropriate neuron receptors,sodium ions very briefly flood through potassium channels like water through dam floodgates.This changes the neuron's electrical balance and is called

A) an action potential.
B) an absolute refractory period.
C) a graded potential.
D) an anion.

Question 8

When we're asked to read a passage of text out loud,many parts of the brain are required to recognize the letters,give them meaning,and translate them into speech.Even if each of these parts of the brain is intact,damage to parts of the brain that connect them,collectively referred to as ___________________,can make the process difficult or impossible.

A) the association cortex
B) the prefrontal cortex
C) Broca's area
D) Wernicke's area

Question 9

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been implicated in psychosis.Antipsychotic medications decrease dopamine activity to reduce psychotic symptoms.Antipsychotics must therefore be

A) foils.
B) protagonists.
C) agonists.
D) antagonists.

Question 10

Rita has always wanted to learn to play the piano.At 40,she decides to take piano lessons.She picks the skill up quickly,partly,her teacher says,because she's so eager to learn.As she learns,the neurons in Rita's brain are changing to store the new information and habits;this is referred to as

A) homeostasis
B) evolution
C) neural plasticity
D) lateralization

Question 11

Darian has decided to get the cosmetic injection of Botox to smooth wrinkles between his eyebrows.Before he goes to visit his doctor,he researches Botox on the internet and learns that it's a mild form of the botulism toxin,which paralyzes facial muscles by blocking the action of

A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) dopamine.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 12

Derek has been asked to hand-deliver a message to Adeline.Adeline lives across the river from Derek,and there is no bridge.Derek's friends Hakeem,Geoff,and Rion have also been asked to carry messages across the river.The four friends agree that they will share a boat across the channel so they can deliver their messages.If we compare this scenario to neuron communication,we can say that the boat,which contained the messengers,is like a

A) vesicle.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) synapse.
D) receptor site.

Question 13

People who have paralysis due to a break in the spinal cord have intact sensory neurons in spite of their inability to experience sensation in the paralyzed areas.The problem is that the sensory information cannot reach the part of the brain that translates it into actual sensation.This part of the brain is called

A) the motor cortex
B) the somatic sensory cortex
C) Wernicke's area
D) Broca's area

Question 14

Derek has been asked to hand-deliver a message to Adeline.Adeline lives across the river from Derek,and there is no bridge.Therefore,Derek must take a boat across the channel to deliver the message.If we compare Derek's actions to those that occur in neurons,we can say that Derek,the person who carries the message across the channel,is like a

A) vesicle.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) synapse.
D) receptor site.

Question 15

One of the reasons it's important never to move someone who's been in a car accident unless absolutely necessary is that broken bones in the neck could damage the spinal cord or the ____________,which is the part of the brain responsible for breathing and heartbeat.

A) cerebellum
B) pons
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla

Question 16

Monica is going to the dentist to get her first filling.She tries to be responsible about all medications,so before he numbs her mouth,she asks the dentist to explain how Novocain works.The dentist tells Monica that Novocain creates numbness and prevents pain by _______________ in the target area.

A) telling glial cells to move neurons out of the way
B) dissolving the sodium ions
C) creating extra potassium ions
D) stopping action potentials from occurring

Question 17

When the tamping iron went through Phineas Gage's head,it damaged the part of his brain responsible for self control,planning,judgment,and inhibition of behaviours.This part of the brain is called

A) the hypothalamus.
B) the association cortex.
C) the prefrontal cortex.
D) Wernicke's area.

Question 18

When your body gets too warm,you begin to sweat,your skin flushes,and you're likely to seek out cooler surroundings.When your body gets too cool,you get goosebumps,you shiver,and you're likely to seek out warmer surroundings.These behaviours are evidence that your body likes to maintain an internal balance called _________________ to keep you safe and healthy.

A) homeostasis
B) aphasia
C) neurogenesis
D) lateralization

Question 19

The hippocampus produces new neurons all the time,a process that is called _______________.This process is believed to be important to learning and memory.

A) homeostasis
B) aphasia
C) neurogenesis
D) lateralization

Question 20

Stoddard,Raine,Bihrle,and Buchsbaum (1997)were interested in what might cause people,who had not been abused,neglected,or raised in disrupted households,to kill.Using PET scans,they determined that the murderers' brains had lower-than-normal prefrontal activity.This finding can help us understand why these individuals were more likely to kill because this part of the brain is

A) responsible for self-control and delayed gratification.
B) responsible for reasoning,judgment,and foresight.
C) activated when people feel guilty or embarrassed.
D) All of these.

Question 21

According to the research in your textbook on the neuroscience of music:

A) there is no single music centre within the brain
B) researchers have found that the auditory areas of the brain are the least important in processing music
C) the frontal lobe is critical in processing the simple aspects of music
D) foot tapping to music is associated with the sensory areas of the brain

Question 22

Lenny was in an accident that damaged the part of his brain responsible for creating memories.Though Lenny can remember things from before the accident,he can't make new memories.If he meets someone,he won't remember her the next time he sees her,even if he has "met" her several times.The part of Lenny's brain that was damaged is the

A) hippocampus.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) medulla.

Question 23

Anton's grandfather had a stroke.When the family arrives at the hospital,Grandfather is unable to speak.The family gives him some paper and a pencil,but Grandfather is unable to write,either.A speech therapist explains that Grandfather probably knows what he wants to say,but the part of his brain that allows him to produce speech,_____________________,has been damaged by the stroke.She plans to work with Grandfather to help him learn to speak again.

A) Wernicke's area
B) Broca's area
C) the corpus callosum
D) the limbic system

Question 24

Harry is going to Mei's house to feed Mei's cat while she is gone.Mei left Harry her key ring,but when Harry reaches the front door,he realizes he doesn't know which key fits the lock.He tries several before finding the right one.If we compare the key and the lock to the behaviour of communicating neurons,we can say that the key is like a __________________ and the lock is like a ________________________.

A) vesicle;synaptic space
B) neurotransmitter;receptor site
C) presynaptic neuron;vesicle
D) neurotransmitter;node of Ranvier

Question 25

Jensen is learning to ride a bike without training wheels.At first,when the bike tips,Jensen has to put his feet on the ground to keep himself from falling.Eventually,with his father's help,he learns how it feels to balance on the bike and how to coordinate all of his movements to keep the bike upright.The part of Jensen's brain that is responsible for coordinating muscular movements and remembering them later is the

A) pons.
B) cerebellum.
C) medulla.
D) reticular formation.

Question 26

Ashley plays cello in an orchestra.The neurons responsible for carrying messages to move her hands to play her cello are ________________ neurons.

A) motor
B) sensory
C) excitatory
D) inter

Question 27

Anton's grandfather had a stroke.When the family arrives at the hospital,Grandfather is unable to speak.The family gives him some paper and a pencil,but Grandfather is unable to write,either.A speech therapist explains that Grandfather probably knows what he wants to say,but the part of his brain that allows him to produce speech has been damaged by the stroke,causing a condition called _________________.She plans to work with Grandfather to help him learn to speak again.

A) agnosia
B) aphasia
C) apraxia
D) aphonia

Question 28

Research on the brains of people with schizophrenia suggests problems with the structure that organizes sensory information and routes it to appropriate parts of the brain;that is,the ________________.This malfunctioning structure may therefore be responsible for schizophrenic hallucinations and other disturbing sensory experiences.

A) cerebellum
B) reticular formation
C) hippocampus
D) thalamus

Question 29

Vallari has a busy life,but she finds that meditation helps quiet her mind and relax her body after a long or stressful day.The nervous system that slows down Vallari's body processes and gives her a feeling of tranquility is the _________________ nervous system.

A) central
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) somatic

Question 30

In the 1930s,Antonio Egas Moniz developed a surgical treatment called a lobotomy to reduce the symptoms of mental illness in disturbed patients.A lobotomy involved damaging or destroying the parts of the brain that are responsible for self-awareness,planning,initiative,creativity,and responsibility.Sadly,the damage also made patients apathetic and unable to correct self-defeating actions.Based on this information,what was Moniz destroying?

A) The frontal lobes.
B) The motor cortex.
C) The somatic cortex.
D) The association cortex.

Question 31

Dr.Kelsey is working with a split-brain patient to better understand what the different parts of the brain do.She finds that when words are flashed to the left side of the visual field,so they are sent to the right hemisphere,patients can't describe what they have seen using words.This tells Dr.Kelsey that language abilities are at least somewhat localized in one hemisphere of the brain.This localization is called

A) agnosia.
B) plasticity.
C) apraxia.
D) lateralization.

Question 32

Patient X was in a car accident in which the top of his head was damaged.When he recovers from the most obvious injuries,he finds that he has paralysis in one hand.His physician explains that this is due to damage to X's frontal lobe,specifically the part that controls voluntary movement of his hand.This part of the brain is called

A) Wernicke's area.
B) Broca's area.
C) the motor cortex.
D) the somatic sensory cortex.

Question 33

Moesha's little brother hides in her closet.When she opens the door,he leaps out and yells,"Boo!" She screams,jumps backward,and clutches her chest,because her heart is pounding.Moesha's ________________ nervous system is responsible for her reaction.

A) sympathetic
B) automatic
C) parasympathetic
D) somatic

Question 34

If an infant and an adult sustain the exact same kind of brain damage,the infant will recover more quickly and completely than the adult.This is due to

A) hormonal secretions.
B) executive functions.
C) neural plasticity.
D) the tenacity factor.

Question 35

When someone faces a situation that makes him feel both terrified and helpless,he may develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).Later,things in the environment that are reminiscent of the trauma may trigger the same fear and aggression he experienced during the trauma.The part of the brain that is responsible for organizing and remembering emotional events is the

A) cerebellum.
B) amygdala.
C) pons.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 36

Some people have such severe epileptic seizures that the only way to stop them is to cut the connection between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.This connection is called the

A) cerebellum.
B) medulla.
C) corpus callosum.
D) amygdala.

Question 37

Ashley plays cello in an orchestra.The neurons responsible for her ability to hear the music are ________________ neurons.

A) motor
B) sensory
C) excitatory
D) inter