Deck 12: Inferential-Analysis

Question 1

​In the equation y = b₀ + b₁x,y is the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​The intercept is the change in y for a change in x of one unit.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

​In the equation y = b₀ + b₁x,b₀ is the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Answer 3

D

Question 4

​The General Linear Model is the major framework for statistical modeling in the social sciences.

Question 5

​In the equation y = b₀ + b₁x,x is the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Question 6

​In the equation y = b₀ + b₁x,b₁ is the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Question 7

​In the equation y = b₀ + bx + e,b₀ is the ____.

A) ​set of outcome variables
B) ​set of predictor variables
C) ​set of coefficients
D) ​set of intercepts

Question 8

​In the equation y = b₀ + bx + e,y is the ____.

A) ​set of outcome variables
B) ​set of predictor variables
C) ​set of coefficients
D) ​set of intercepts

Question 9

​In a 2 x 2 factorial design,there are two main effects and two interaction effects.

Question 10

​Suppose a study is neither practically significant nor statistically significant.You should ____.

A) ​reconsider everything
B) ​increase the dosage or improve implementation
C) ​increase the sample size and/or improve measurement
D) ​be happy with an optimal outcome

Question 11

​The randomized block design reduces noise or variance in the data.

Question 12

​In the equation y = b₀ + bx + e,b is the ____.

A) ​set of outcome variables
B) ​set of predictor variables
C) ​set of coefficients
D) ​set of intercepts

Question 13

​The t-test,one-way ANOVA,and regression analysis are mathematically equivalent and yield the same results in a two-group case.

Question 14

​The lack of random assignment in quasi-experimental designs makes their analysis considerably easier.

Question 15

​Just because a program or intervention leads to statistically significant improvement doesn't mean the amount of improvement is meaningful or all that valuable.

Question 16

​The basic regression-discontinuity design is a two-group pretest-posttest model.

Question 17

​A variable is any entity that can take on different values.

Question 18

​In the randomized block analysis,the dummy variable Z₁ represents the treatment group and the dummy variables Z₂,Z₃,and Z₄ indicate Blocks 2,3,and 4,respectively.

Question 19

​Suppose a study is not practically significant but is statistically significant.You should ____.

A) ​reconsider everything
B) ​increase the dosage or improve implementation
C) ​increase the sample size and/or improve measurement
D) ​be happy with an optimal outcome

Question 20

​Suppose a study is practically significant but not statistically significant.You should ____.

A) ​reconsider everything
B) ​increase the dosage or improve implementation
C) ​increase the sample size and/or improve measurement
D) ​be happy with an optimal outcome

Question 21

​The t-value can be expressed as

A) ​noise / signal
B) ​signal / noise
C) ​noise - signal
D) ​signal - noise

Question 22

​A statistical estimate of the standard deviation one would obtain from the distribution of an infinite number of estimates of the difference between the means of two groups is the ____.

A) standard error of the difference
B) ​estimated error
C) ​regression coefficient
D) ​correction factor

Question 23

In the equation y = b₀ + bx + e,x is the ____.

A) ​set of outcome variables
B) ​set of predictor variables
C) ​set of coefficients
D) ​set of intercepts

Question 24

​In GLM equations,the letter z stands for the ____.

A) ​outcome score
B) ​error
C) ​dummy variable
D) ​predictor score

Question 25

​
Figure TB 11-1
​In the accompanying figure,A refers to the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Question 26

​In the accompanying figure,B refers to the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Question 27

​In the equation y_i = β0 + β1zi + e_i,z_i is 1 if the ____.

A) ​ith unit is in the treatment group
B) ​i^th unit is in the comparison group
C) ​i^th unit residual is greater than the mean residual
D) ​i^th unit residual is less than equal to the mean residual

Question 28

​The general statistical analysis that enables us to model relationships in data and test for treatment effects is ____.

A) ​ANOVA
B) ​regression
C) ​ANCOVA
D) ​Pearson's correlation

Question 29

​The vertical distance from a point to the regression line is the ____.

A) ​error term
B) ​regression coefficient
C) β value
D) ​slope

Question 30

​The degrees of freedom are a function of the ____.

A) ​alpha level
B) ​variance
C) ​means
D) ​sample size

Question 31

​In the equation y_i = β₀ + β1zi + e_i,z_i is 0 if the ____.

A) ​i^th unit is in the treatment group
B) ​i^th unit is in the comparison group
C) ​i^th unit residual is greater than the mean residual
D) ​i^th unit residual is less than equal to the mean residual

Question 32

​The process of stating the equation that best summarizes the data for a study is called ____.

A) ​model specification
B) ​model estimation
C) ​line specification
D) ​line estimation

Question 33

​The estimate of the difference between the groups relative to the variability of the scores in the groups is the ____.

A) ​t-value
B) ​r-value
C) ​df
D) ​variance

Question 34

In the accompanying figure,B refers to the ____.​

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Question 35

​Variables that are adjusted for in a research study are called ____.

A) ​residuals
B) ​coefficients
C) ​covariates
D) ​intercepts

Question 36

​The term in a regression equation that captures the residual in describing each point is the ____ term.

A) ​error
B) ​slope
C) ​β
D) ​intercept

Question 37

​In the accompanying figure,D refers to the ____.

A) ​predictor
B) ​outcome
C) ​slope
D) ​intercept

Question 38

​The line that describes the relationship between two or more variables is a(n)____ line.

A) ​residual
B) ​regression
C) β
D) ​dummy

Question 39

​The numerical variable used to represent subgroups of the sample is the ____.

A) ​residual
B) ​dummy variable
C) ​regression coefficient
D) ​intercept

Question 40

​The sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by the number of observations minus 1 is called the ____.

A) ​range
B) ​variance
C) ​dispersion
D) ​error

Question 41

​
Figure TB 11-3
​The accompanying formula is the regression model for the____.

A) ​2 x 2 factorial
B) ​randomized block
C) ​analysis of covariance
D) ​regression point displacement

Question 42

Only one pretest-posttest score pair reflects the treated group in the ____ design.

A) RD
B) RPD
C) NEGD
D) ANCOVA

Question 43

The major problem for researchers who use the GLM is _______________.

Question 44

In regression point displacement analysis,the dummy variable has ____ levels

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 45

For a basic regression discontinuity analysis,the model needs ____ terms.

A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six

Question 46

A common metric for comparing and integrating results across studies is _______________.

Question 47

​
Figure TB 11-2
​The line indicated by letter A in the accompanying figure is the ____.

A) ​error term
B) ​regression coefficient
C) ​β value
D) ​slope

Question 48

The equation y = b₀ + bx + e is a(n)_______________ equation.

Question 49

A(n)_______________ line is a line that describes the relationship between two or more variables.

Question 50

The equation y = b₀ + b₁x is a(n)_______________ equation.

Question 51

For a basic nonequivalent groups design analysis,the model needs ____ terms.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 52

​
Figure TB 11-4
​The accompanying formula is the regression model for the ____.

A) ​2 x 2 factorial
B) randomized block
C) analysis of covariance
D) ​regression point displacement

Question 53

​In the accompanying formula,β₃ represents the____.

A) ​intercept coefficient
B) ​residual coefficient
C) ​interaction of factors 1 and 2
D) ​mean difference for factor 3

Question 54

​The process of trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data is referred to as _______________ statistics.

Question 55

Researchers have generally adopted the _______________% Confidence Interval as an acceptable boundary for an estimate.

Question 56

Dummy variables are useful because they enable you to use a single regression equation to represent multiple _______________.

Question 57

​The _______________ Model is the foundation for the t-test,Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA),regression analysis,and many of the multivariate methods.

Question 58

​In the regression discontinuity analysis model,the pretest is adjusted by ____.

A) ​subtracting the cutoff
B) ​multiplying by the reliability estimate
C) ​multiplying by β
D) ​subtracting z_o

Question 59

A variable that uses discrete numbers,usually 0 and 1,to represent different groups is called a(n)_______________ variable.

Question 60

​
Figure TB 11-5
​The accompanying formula is the regression model for the ____.

A) ​2 x 2 factorial
B) ​randomized block
C) ​analysis of covariance
D) ​regression point displacement

Question 61

​Discuss regression-discontinuity analysis in terms of regression.

Question 62

Dummy variables act like _______________.

Question 63

​Discuss analysis of covariance in terms of regression.

Question 64

​Discuss randomized block analysis in terms of regression.

Question 65

​Discuss the four possible outcomes of a study with respect to statistical and practical significance.

Question 66

​What are dummy variables and how are they used in the GLM?

Question 67

Just as the mean does not accurately represent every value in a distribution,the regression line does not accurately represent every value in the _______________.

Question 68

​An analysis that estimates the difference between the groups on the posttest after adjusting for differences on the pretest is _______________.

Question 69

​Any influence on an observed score not related to what you are attempting to measure is referred to as _______________.

Question 70

The error term in the GLM is also called the _______________.